Ai 


-f' 


A 


%. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


y 


A 


:/ 


I.V/         I" 


1.25 


2.8 


—    6" 


25 

|M 

1.8 


M.  mil  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

Wf'fJSTEPNY.  t4580 

(716)  d/3-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


il 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


Q    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  coi 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endom 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


□    Covers  restored  ana/or  lammaiea/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pellicul6e 


□ 
□ 
□ 


Q 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Kelie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouties 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6x6  film^es. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagees 

Q    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pelliculees 

Q   Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachet^es  ou  piquees 

I      I    Pages  detached/ 


0 


Pages  detachees 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inegale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

I — I    Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  i  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


□ 


Addii'onal  comments:/ 
Comm-jntaires  suppl6mentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  ta';x  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

SOX 

J 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

ails 

du 

idifier 

une 

nage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  aye  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6ro8it6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  Images  suivantes  ort  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  I'exemplLire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditiuns  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimis  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —*>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — •►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film^  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


irrata 
to 


pelure, 
n  d 


U 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

■     ■ 

!    ■ 

6 

UNITED  STATES  BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION. 
iiArii.i;  I  i;i>.M  i  in.  KKroKi  oi    i  in.  (■hmmi.-.^iunki;  i.i   iMti.uiu.s 


Chapter  IV. 


EI)r(\\Tl()N  IN  CANADA. 


4    4»    w 


WASlllNfrroX: 

(J  ( >  V  K  i:  N  .M  K  N  T     I'  K  I  N  11  N  <  i     (>  K  K  I  ( '  tl. 

1  8 «.» II . 


z?*^^ 

C^^") 


■H 


OTIAPT!;i{  1\. 

EDUCATION    IN    CANADA.' 


1 


I'«>r  ]>revioiia  urticli^w  on  Kdurution  in  Canada  Hf.r  t!ie  fnllowiiijij: 

I'Mu'jatiou  in  Oiitaiio,  Kojioit;  lS92-!);5,  \'()1.  I,  (;h,i|>lcr  \1.     Nott'M  on  K.liioatinii  at 

the   (*<)luinl>iiin    Kxiio.sitiun,  iliid,  ('hapl.-r    X,  pu^os    \2VA'12V>.     .Miuiitoltii   hi  liool 

question,  Report  l8!U-',r>,  \ Ol,  I.  CliapuT  \  II. 

TiiciCAi.  uiTi.iNK.. — Current  siati-^iicM  and  >;tneriil  snrv»'y  of  <diio;nion  in  tlm  <  aniv- 
diiiii  |)rovi'i(:us.  IJriif  oiiiiine  of  lli>>  .systcnif*  of  individual  i)rov!ni:«s.  bIihw- 
iug  for  cacli  tho  cliariicttr  ol  llio  o'litriil  and  fclie  lot  ;il  lontrol.  rei(uirfini'nl.s  for 
toa*  iioi>,  aiu!  sonrce.s  of  ncliool  in(-oini',  and  additional  hi.slori.  a!  or  .statistu'il 
jiai'ticiilars  in  rHspici  to  the  s\  suniiH  of  Otiiario,  ij>ut'lM>c,  unu  .Manitolm.  Talniiar 
prosontation  of  iimtiiutions  for  hii^licr  odncation  in  Canaila. 

T>y  rlit"  British  N'ortli  AiiHTicaii  acr  of  1(S(»7.  tiie  iij,'lit  fo  Icf^islate  oiv 
iniitters  r<i.<]K'('tiiiK  e(iu<'al:i<)ii  was  left  fu  tlic  ;iov<'nimoiils  of  tlu-  tour 
proviiicfh;,  wliii'li  were  tliou  iiiiittMl  uiulcr  tlie  ocuci-al  iiaiiH  uf  DoiiiiiiiDii 
of  (Jaiiadu.  Tht^  fsaiuc  privilege  exteiuls  also  tn  the  i)r»iviii<'«'s  tiiat  have 
since  entered  the  eonlederatiuii. 

I'he  principal  statisties  of  tlu*  pulilie  or  elenieutary  s  ;h()ols  in  the 
several  pr(«vinceH,  as  ]>rescnti'(l  in  tlie  latest  reports,  are  as  follows; 


]''(ivim'i'. 


■niitisli  l^oliini'ila 

•  M.iiiit.aui 

>.'(.«  l;nni8\\io.k 

Nirva  Srotla 

Ouiiirio 

INiiii'r  f'dwiiiii  IsUiiid. 
Noilliwuttt  'I'fi-ritorii'S. 
(jiiuljeu 


Date. 


Kiiroll 
iiieul. 


.i_ 


I'lT  <'uni     A\irii'.;r     INr  ii  111 
111  IHUm-     (Htcnil-     iiT  i!iir<ill-    I  tmi  iHr-" 
laliuu.  '      uuie.  tuoiil. 


1806  '      1 4,  480 

l8Ui)       .'n/js; 

lM»ti  dun.  132 

i«U'i  441,  m;: 

1 806  fT2.  \::>* 

urn  12.  rsMi 


1+72 

ta.3 

2U.  8f) 
211  28 


9,254 

2.t,  247 
.17.  17(; 
54, (Uft 
216,  7'J4 
lo,  U2 


64 

01.  11 
CK).  Ol 
53.4 

5S.  y;i 

00.  5 


;t,=io 

1,0!(3 

i,>-ia 


13.  "«     il.S'J,  876 


70.6 


v.  2.M 

,fi»i;i 

433 
;  5,  628 


KxjM'llrll- 

tiiro. 


(I +201.  (130 

/Wll,  ii4;( 

401.733 

fl3.  33,') 

*'3,  8H'«,  000 

./I.".!.  310 
274,  048 

1 .  52:i,  ^07 


(I  \1m)$2».40')  f'i)rronrtini(!lior..  ri'pair.  nncl  rnrniMliiiitr  H.'lionlluiHsi^H.  ft  Also  *!)H.86.';  Icir  scIkkiI 

biiildiiiurt  anil  hi|-iiiturn  c  Koy»,  32,31;"(i  gills,  20. lio:;.  r*  IliiyH.  ,'>2,31l):  ;:ii  Is,  48,  716.  f  .A  U.> 

$;i80.1l3  lor  bjIto  and  hiIhmiI   lllli!(liu^r^^.  /  BdVK.    l'_'.U.'>;  itirlH.  S).!I93.  i^.Alio  ♦">,577  lor  Hrliiiol 

lmililin(f.M.  A.VlrtoKI  907  in  (iioilel  silu.dls  anil  iicmlinniis.  i  Al.-m  76  230  mi   inoili'l  rirlu*(iln  iinil 

acadeiiiii't*.  /  laiy  to:Mtnis.     'I'lii'n- arf  iilso  )n  Catliulir  hi'Ii.ioU  many  t<'iulH'i>  IwlonKiinr  to  icli- 

gi<'us  ordor^. 

The  jmhlie  instiditions  for  the  deaf  and   dumb  and  the  blind  were 
rejiorteu  in  18tio  as  follows: 


I'roviii<;«. 


NiiniliBr  1 

Hrliools 


Fiitulliin  ii)> 


NovaSt'dtia. 

Oiit«rlo 

(juebfc 


a2  nn 

2  '  300 

>  :>i>4 


oNow  Hrun«wl('li  mipportw'.  16  pii|iilH  in  the  scbuol  I'lr  lOr  lilind  ;it  HHlifu\,  .Nova  .S,  utia.  ,ir  an 
ev|>onHc  of  $948, 

K\<!ept  British  Ctdunibia  all  the  prosiiiics  <»i  tlie  Dominion  have 
one  or  more  universities,  and  seveial  colleges  whieh  prepaie  for  univor- 
Bity  degrees. 


'  PrBiiaroil  by  Miss  Anna  Tobnan  Smith. 


160 


170 


EDrrvTION    KKPOHT,  1S07-0M. 


'riic  ciirollnictit  in   piiUIir  Iiijili  sclinols  iurliiticd  in  tlic  roriiici'  table 
ami  in  iiniinal  -<'ii(>i.!s  \int  llu'iciii  iiicliiiU't]  was  as  (ollovvs: 


I'nu  ill 


Ypht. 


Hrtiiti  ('"liimhid '  iHSir, 

Miiiiit'ilin ]^ii5 

Ni  'v  liniiMwirli '  IWKI 

Nii\  a  Si'iitiii IMlfi 

(•iilJiiiii  , iMj(| 

tjunlief    , I  IH'M\ 


Eiimllmcnf. 

High        Nonniil 

hi'IumiIh,       ^rliiiftls. 


4l>0 


l.'.U 

1,  1 5-. 

L'JO 

I,:t71 

lU 

•J4.  r.67 

II  <45 

Mil,(K»7 

;t77 

i;   \Uii  I.(i:i7  lcailici>  in  IrHiniiic  in  finuin   n  o«lc  1  Niinml,-, 
I)  111  iiiiiili'  Hcli'iiiU  :ui(l  iiciidi'iiii'  -. 

TfiWlifTs'  instifntos  an'  maintainc*!  in  the  sfvoial  i)r()\  luces,  the 
exixMisr  hein.ij:  borne  in  j.aii  by  juiblic  ai)pro|)riatiiMis.  \n  Ontario,  7.'. 
institutes  wore  lieM  iu  ISU.'),  cmnjirisln^  7, .'is.')  nienibers,  on  a  ttttal 
leai-liiii-j;  foiei- ol  S.iM.'J.  The  receipts  aniiMinfrd  to  -iSlM.O:.'.;,  oi  whieii 
the  <4Mvernment  ((intriltnted  fi'-2,VJ'>,  and  municipalities  .'«'2,:K)2. 

In  Ontario,  kin<lei<^arfcns  liave  lieen  math'  an  integral  part  of  the 
])ril»bc  school  system.  Tiicy  nmnbertd  !>"")  in  isii.',  with  I'Ol  teacliers, 
an  .Mirclhiienr  of  ',).')i)l  ehildrcn,  and  an  axda;;*'  at  tfiidance  of  .'{,(ii(j. 

In  Nova  S('«»tia,  ."iS?  [»npih  are  also  repuricil  in  pubiic  kindci  ;4arlens. 

In  all  tlie  i)i-ovinc(.s  (liere  is  a  steady  increase  of  scliool  ])r(tvi  ■i.in  and 
coniiaual  iniprovenient  in  tiie  schools  and  in  the  nienns  for  seenriuj: 
sehool  uttendance.  The  pai  tienlars  presented  in  the  following-  tabh\s 
ser\f  asan  iiub.vof  the  <4(Mi(Mal  ti  lulcncic.s: 


I'riiviiii  t 


Ontiirio 

Oiii'l)..' 

Nova  Srotia 

XfW  BniiMwic  k 

Manitoba ...     

Biitisli  f 'iiliuiiliia 

I'riiiif  Kilwnnl  iHlaiiil 

NiirlhWial   1 1  iiiiorirs 


Knrdlliii'iif 


IhUl. 


Av.<raceatteii<liin<;ft 
18&U.  18Q1.      I      imi. 


'     401,  711 

lit.  102 

257,  CM 

24r..  724 

u\i<:',,  '.'Ki 

•  1  Iii7. ',1'f) 

.!]:)i.  i>7'> 

a  lliit.  .S70 

.■«.'i.  7trj 

Ml.  i:ij 

so.  M.'0 

.'■>4,  (11.1 

f.»,  rxi»< 

<>I,'.MU  i 

.H4.  ;iit4 

a7,  )7« 

:      '-'.i,  871 

:t7.  US7 

rj.-t.i.) 

2  .217 

1       »,  iiO-« 

11.  Kill 

4,  !*8I) 

it.  2M 

!     2->.  liiti; 

•.'2.  i;ts 

K',  MiM 

]:t,4i^ 

5.  (•m2 

i:;  IM 

0  K^>lln■nllll•y  .scliiiols  milv. 

The  jiroportional   parts  <.f  ilu'  school  income  from   the 
grant  and  local  sources  at  dincicnt  dates  was  as  follows. 


government 


I'loviiii'fi. 


Ont  ill-ill 

^liihui' .. . 

Novii  .Sioiiii 

Xi'«   liriiimwick    

Prime  I'Mwanl  islimd  . . . 
Manitoba 


HyCtovi'iiiiiii'iii. 

xm».        iii»si.        18WI. 


Ily  )ii'ii]il(». 
1888.      i      1893.      I      1886. 


/''/•  I'Ol?. 
7.  M 
1).  2;i 
K1.24 
3;i.  50 
7,1.  H2 
21, PS  , 


r. 


r  C'lit , 
7    II 

r.'.  KI 

2:t  4B 

40.  48 

77,  ;u 

17.  18 


I]  ;i 
III  2". 
29.  7!l 
'Ml.  42 
~t<.  (Ill 

l7.ua 


yV)  I'CKf, 
!i2.  8;l 
Ho.  "j 
♦iM.  7li 
««.  14 
2ii.  U 
78.42 


Pff  nti\t. 
l>2.  Hfl 
87.  10 
H  70.54 
611.  .V2 
22  (ifi 
S2.  82 


'  I'Clli. 

»:i  7 
8'.».  75 
7(1.21 
6(J,  ."is 
21.  Bl 
h2.  ;(7 


a  1S92. 


KDlCATrOX    IS    CANADA, 


171 


The  avor:if';<'  o\i»ontlifnrc  for  sclnx.ls  per  r;i]iita  i.f  tlic  population  at 
the  same  dares  is  iiere  presented: 


J'rm  iiKv, 


1880. 


••ntnrio U^7 

l^llfl"'!- ^1 

>oMi  S<'iitin ]  -,1 

New   li'iiiisvi  ick ] .......'.'."...'.'..  1   L>ii 

PriiMf  Kilwanl  Isliwiil ^....[....W. .'.' . I]  [...]..[....[....... ..  i.'m 

Maiiiliili;i   ...'...............'.......  LV  74 

Hriliuli  (JoliimUiii .\. .[....'.[..[.[.. .  I!  In 

I'l'iiiiiiiiiii  fi 1  SO 


isnri. 


1«W1. 


♦  I.«7 

.♦t.flO 

fi" 

l.dii 

I    4-. 

1.78 

l.iti 

1.4:1 

1    41) 

I.4« 

4,  Kl 

•4.  15 

I    H7 

l.Ofl 

:.m 


l.Uti 


<(  Viirtliwest  Tfrrilorii'H  iiicliKk'il. 

It  will  he  noticed  that  in  Manitoba  and  lliitisli  ( 'MJiiniliia  the  ]ier 
capita  expenditure  was  less  in  l.s!>(>  tlian  in  ISIK?.  Tliis  is  due  to  tin- 
I'act  tiiat  tile  school  luovisioii  in  tlu'se'  mwer  Provinces  has  beiii 
brought  up  to  the  demand  an<l  oidy  the  norma!  increase  in  jiopnlation 
has  now  to  l)e  provided  toi'.  This  view  is  conhrii;ed  also  by  the  I'act 
that  of  the  reiiniining  rrovince.s  the  Hm.dh-st  ]»er  capita  increase  is  in 
Ontario,  where  I  he  scht)ol  i)ro\lsion  has  l<'eii  piactically  .(pial  to  the 
demand  Ibr  tlie  entire  period  t'onsidered. 

The  systems  of  publii- (.'diication  in  the  several  rrovinees  jjeriietnate, 
in  a  measure,  the  national.  reli}iious.  and  political  t«.-ndene.ies  cliarac- 
teristie  of  each,  Ontario  and  tlie  maritime  Provinces,  Nova  Scotia, 
iS'ew  I'.rnnswiek.  and  I'lince  IMwai'd  Island, sa\s  (iohhiin  Smith,  ''arc 
in  the  main  identical  in  all  social  and  i>olitical  respects,"  The  diiter- 
ence  in  crude  resources  and  in  eoiumercial  politi<'.s  ai-counls  for  the 
ditVereiit  industrial  conditions.  In  Ontario,  iarndnjn'  is  the  j^reat  indus- 
try; this  is  the  ease  also  in  IM  ime  ICdward  Islaiul,  in  Nova  8eotia  and 
New  IJrunswick  mining,  shi|;ping,  and  bunberiuii  are  of  eipial  impor 
tance.  The  manner  of  life  in<lnced  by  tlie  i)revailing  ir.(lnstr\-,  the  abil- 
ities which  it  fosters,  and  the  skill  it  reipiires,  all  in  time  alVcet  the 
character  and  proi;i-ess  ol  schools,  but  not  necessarily  the  principles 
ami  general  cliara<-1ei  oi  the  system  of  e<lu('ation. 

in  their  main  le.iluies  t  lu>  systems  established  in  these  four  I'l'ovinces 
dilVeras  little  as  those  of  different  StatCK  in  our  own  country,  I'demen- 
taiy  schools  are  free  and  secular.  e.\cept  in  Ontario,  where  provision  is 
made  f(»isepar;it(>  IM-otestant  schools  and  K'onmn  Catholic  schools,  I'.du- 
cation  is  comiuilsory  in  this  I'rovince,  although,  for  reasons  sinular  to 
thos<'  that  prevail  in  the  Inited  States,  it  is  ditlicnlt  to  enforee  the  law 
in  this  respect,  (^)in'bcc.  rellects  clearly  in  its  school  wyt^tem  the  widely 
<lilVerent  social,  religious,  and  political  inlluences  under  which  it  has 
dcvelo|)ed.  The  sehool.s  are  sectarian,  supported  in  part  by  lees,  and 
there  is  no  <-ompuIsory  measure.  British  V'olumbia  and  Manitoba 
exhibit  the  well  known  characteri.itics  of  pioneei'  <'ommnnities,  absence 
«d' traditional  opinions  and  customs,  and  the  spirit  of  enterprise  i'.nd 
high    .i.pirations.     They  have   made   educatiou   compulsory   and  have 


172 


KDI  CATION    IMIl'ORT,   lf<l7-!t«. 


(^Kt:il)li8lHtl  sociilar  t'r<'«»  s('li(><)ls.  {iiiil  supitf.rt  t\m  saiiui  with  oiHM'}r\'  ;iii(l 
lilxTiilily.     I'jM'Ii  in  tin:   iiiioi  yiiiiizcil   Nni  tli\v('>t  'i'oiritories  l(';;;il  pto 
vision  is  made  lor  tin-  iiiaiiitciiauct'  of  mIiooI--.      I'lic  i«'li^iou.N  |>iol»l«'iii 
lias  hvi'U  mot  luM«>,  ;is   in   <>iitai!o   ami    (,>iu'l)t'<'.   Ity    tii«'   pi-ov  ision   of 
soimnite  scIiooIh. 

'Plu'  intorest  tlint  thos»'  l'roviii»;»'.-«  r\rit«*  '•>  their  pioximitx  to  tlu' 
liiitod  Slaten  may  jtistify  a  furtlnT  int'^ciitiition  oi'  rli<ir  the(»r\  of 
pojiiiiar  fdncaiioii  a.>>  i1iusliat«'tl  in  tlioii  s<'hool  syst«Mii>.  I'>iirf  f(»ii- 
siH'cruse.H  ot  tilt'  scM-ral  systems  are  hoiv  jriviii,  siiowint.',  i  he  f.'<'ii<^ral 
chaiiU'tor  of  the  ctMirral  iind  hx-al  conin)!  of  mIiooIs,  the  lefjdinMiiriits 
tor  teacher^,  aiul  tlic  soiikch  t>t'  sdiool  iin'omo. 

SYSTEM    'il'    l.urt  .VI  I<iN    IN    0.\TAIM<» — Ills  K  iK  r«  A  I     SflMKY. 

The  liistory  of  the  orjj;iiiii/.e<l  system  of  piiltlic  t'lliieation  in  Ontario 
(lay  he,  said  to  date  from  the  |iassa{reof  the  siho<(l  law  of  IH-I.J.  The 
pnu'tical  estaltlishmeiit  of  the  system  was  tlie  woi  k  of  ))i.  Ilnrr^di 
liyersoii,  who  was  appoiiid'd  superintondent  of  education  soon  after 
the  i)assage  of  the  law.  Tlie  services  rhat  he  lendMed,  his  eafiioiie 
spirit,  iiis  adiiduistrative  force.  Iiis  uniirinj;-  devotion  to  tiie  eansc  lia\e 
louji"  since  eommaiided  universal  acknowledgment. 

The  Province  has  been  eipuilly  fortunate  in  tiie  historian  of  tin'  sys- 
tem, l>r.  tlolm  (ieoijxe  llodj4,ins,  who  was  associated  with  Mr.  K'yerson 
in  tiie  edneation  oltice  t'rom  l.sll,atul  has  maintained  oHicial  relations 
with  it  to  the  ])roseut  moment. 

i>r.  Ilod^iiis  at  lirst  belt!  the  positioiii  of  clerk  to  the  edncatimi  olTice. 
His  present  oliicial  desifjnation  is  librarian  and  historiogiapher.  lie 
lias  enjoyed  am|»le  facilities  lor  the  work  with  which  he  now  eiowns  tlie 
service  of  n;ore  flian  half  a  century,  namely,  the  Docnmentaiy  History 
of  'Education  in  Tjiper  ('anadu,  Irom  the  passing  of  lli<' c(niHtitntional 
act  of  ITiM  to  a  very  recent  ilat«  .  This  work,  of  whicli  live  vojames  are 
eomi)leted.  Urinjiing  the  history  to  I<SK;,  is  invahiable  to  all  studentH  of 
(Jaiiadian  liistory  for  the  li;;ht  it  thr(»ws  on  the  various  pluses  of  its 
social  ami  political  devehnnm'iit.  ami  eiimilly  valuabh'  to  all  students 
of  i'dncati(jiial  histoiy. 

Ilei'e  are  ltron{.;!i1  to  view  tln.^  j.rivate  efforts  m  which  the  system 
oii.uinated.  the  discussions,  c(»llisiohs,  au<l  lej^'islative  action  by  means 
of  which  it  was  gradually  orgaid/.ed  and  perfected. 

It  is  particularly  interesting  to  American  r(>a(leis  to  trace  in  this 
record  the  intlnence  .)f  settlers  frtmi  our  <»wn  «'oionies  and  States  upon 
the  edncain)nal  policies  i<\'  the;  I'roviiice. 

In  the  preface  to  the  first  volume  l)r.  Ilodgins  says: 

The  Muoslioii  tuUiiinlly  arises.  What,  lirHt  .iwiilNcncil  tli"'  (l«.sirt'  to  ostaiilish  schools 
ami  prdiiiolo  education  in  thi>  I'vovincff  In  his  iwldrpsh  :it  iiit>  (i|)oiiin{i  nl'  King's 
Collt'sr-'  uiow  the  1  niv(^rMI1y  of  Toronto)  in  ISlll,  tim  i»'iif|ii  i.'t^N .  Dr.  Straclian, 
hiniH<'If  a  uromun'nt  ami  noted  cdacationiHt  in  Upper  Ciiinida,  answers  tlio  iiiiest  ion. 
He  Ha,\  H : 

"  Whi-n   tilt)    indt'|Mii<leufi;   ol    tin;    I'nilod    Stati  r<  df  Aincrieii   was   recogni/cd   liy 


EDrCATION    IN'    f'AXADA. 


173 


fJioat  Uritiiiii  in  tli<'  iw-.i.c  ..f  17h:1  tliis  I'nu  iiire  Ixtjuk'  th.-  :in>  lum  .ii  thosr  faithful 
hiiliji-.  (s  of  till'  Clown  ttlio  hii.l,  (liiriiij;  tlio  li.'Miliitii.nar.v  w.ir,  lulliend  t"  liicir 
KiM>,f  iiiiilUt.i  •  unity  of  tlif  Htnfiiii'."  Ami  it  is  jil<'u-<iii;,'  taieniiiik  thtit  in  I7H!',  a 
little  more  than  li\.)  xeiiiM  after  tinir  fii-Ht  HftflcnuMit,  they  inimpntcd  a  uirtnorial  to 
HIh  KvccllrrKiy  (.Old  DcinhcMltT  (Sir  ''•\\\  ('aiii-Km  .  ihcu  :i  >ro\  iriir>r.;jriii'r:il  of 
Hritiftli  Norili  Anicriiii. 'Hi  ihi-  siili.i»'i'i  of  iMiiiciitiuii,  in  winch,  at'lii  iaincntinj,'  tlio 
Htalo  iif  their  cliil-iriMi  urdwiiit;  uji  w  itiioiii  iiiiy  iMttrii'tii>ii.  rcli^inns  or  scx-iiliir.  Ihi-y 
roi|iit'st«i|  his  livrilship  lo  rHtalill-h  a  rcspe-'tiiM.-  Hi;inin,iry  at,  Iviniiston,  which  waH 
at  that  carlv  luTiod  the  |)riu(i]ial  town  ia  tiiis  <li  ■.  f<i<iii  of  th<'  loloiiy.  To  tliii* 
rt'iiiiiHontiirion  l.oni  lionhoHtcr  |iai<l  iinmi'iiiati'  attfiitiuii,  and  -avc  ilirections  to 
thd  Niirvcyor  "general  to  s.t  apait  .'liirilile  |.ortliin>  of  land  (or  tiir  fiitiii.'  sii|.|>o!t  of 
8<hool.s  in  all  tiic  rii'vv  Hortlcrnt'iit-i." 

Aniiniittvl  by  the  Hainc  Hpirit  .'is  j)Of<nii»M»'(l  tlu-se  early  coloni»t>,  tlif  I  iiilt-d  lliiipirf 
l(iyali«ts  <!sti«bliHlio<l  Mchools  of  a  HupiTidr  i-lasM  caily  in  the  (t'l.tiuy  iii  tin'  chu'f 
uentiTH  of  thi'ir  Hotthini'iitH,  fluch  hh  Kinj?-<toM,  Coniwall.  Haih.  York,  Nt.  CiuhnrinPH, 
and  altorwar.lH  Nowlmr^.  Soon  a  f^ramiiiar  Hchool  wuh  tistjildixiicd  iti  BV»«ry  diNtriit. 
and  ultimately  tho  conifiion  i<(]io()!,  fanliionid  liy  tlio  loyllli^ts  on  the  Now  Kn^laiid 
pattern,  was  put  into  oiKMUtion  in  every  Hettled  townHhi)>  of  the  l'r4>\  incf. 

It  i.s  .uratifyinj;  toknow  ihat  the  I'liiti'd  Knijiirf  colonists  from  New  r.nj{laiid  to 
Canaila  in  ITKi-lVHS  wi're  true  to  tln'ir  early  Urili.sh  colonial  conviction.s  and  inHtiuctn 
aH  to  the  nt'ceBsity  of  «(ho(ds  for  tln'ir  childron.  I'licy  earri^'d  with  theni  that 
Hni^lish  love  for  learning  tin  its  own  sake  which  characici  i/cd  tin-  fomideis  of 
Massachusc'tts. 

Tlio  etl'orts  ul  tin;  Nt'W  iMi^'lamt  Ooiiipiiiiy  I'nr  the  t'diiciitioii  of  tlm 
Iiidinns  who  were  traiistcrrcd  frotn  New  Voik  id  t'aiiiKla  upoii  the 
(;l<ise  oi'  tlio  Kevoliitioiuii'v  \\;ir  mo  al.so  iiott'il.  Tlnidioh  their  agency 
aii.l  that  of  settlers  fnmi  our  Eastern  Statf>,  tlir  spiiit  iiiitl  luirpost's 
thill  workf'tl  .so  |io\verrnll,\  withitt  (»iir  uw  ii  bDrdiTs  woro  icinmiuctMl  in 
the  Hrirish  rrovinco. 

When,  in  LS;j(),  the  subject  of  a  university  college  was  before  the  house 
of  assembly  the  exaiujde  of  King's  (.'oUege,  New  York,  was  espeeially 
lU'^etl  in  support  of  the  niea.sure.  The  srlect  I'oinmitler  m  Iht'ir  report 
say  : 

The  I'liivorsity  of  Kiiii.','B  CoHegt',  in  New  York,  now  Colninhia  Collcf^c,  was  cstal»- 
Ii.hImhI  in  175lj  mIumi  tlx-  pcM|dc  of  the  then  'olony  of  Now  ^  ork  ilid  not  niudi  exceed 
70.(HK),  or  ono-lilth  of  Ihat  ol  I'pper  Canada:  and  yet,  aay.i  .\lr.  ISnlier,  the  )>reseuli 
A ttorntiy-ticneral  of  the  I'nited  .SlalcH,  the  inMueiice  of  the  iiistituiion  on  the 
literar>  character  of  the  c(d<uiy  was  truly  wonderful,  for.  thoUf,'h  the  whole  uumher 
of  Htudenis  (iducated  in  ihe  college  previous  to  1 7i'».")  wis  hut  I'H,  nnn,\  of  tlii'Ui 
iittained  to  tireav  distiiictioiiH  in  their  re.s))ective  profes.siouH,  and  in  piitdic  life 
distinguished  alike  hy  their  eeniufi  and  erudition,  and  ilhisiiions  iu  the  annals  of 
their  country  for  their  talt^itM  as  writers  ami  their  rierviee.s  as  statesmen. 

The  school  law  of  184^  embodied  features  drawn  from  the  school  sys 
terns  of  New  England  and  New  York,  audit  was  especially  the  example 
of  the   I'liited  States  that  .stimulatetl  etforts  in   respect  to  teclinical 
edtication  fn  the  early  seventies. 

liut  if  Ontario  owes  mueh  to  the  e.\ainple  of  rhe  Ihiited  States,  it 
offers  also  to  us  most  instructive  lessons  with  resi)ect  to  many  <|"«'*- 
tions  of  educational  policy  ami  organization, 

In  paiiiciilar  may  be  cited  the  lesson  of  the  .separate  schoui  [lolicy, 


171 


KUUCATION    KKl'OKT,   l«!t7-l'H. 


wlioM'  iiisfory  is  <'tnlMMli(»<l  i?i  tJu^i^o  volumes  jiimI  forms  :il>iu  tlic  suhi«M't 
of  a  NiMM'iul  woik  by  t  lu'  saiiK'  aiitlior. 

(iiiicfdl  /'t((hif(H  tniil  nntriil  mithoiifii.  -I'Ui-  Ont.irio  system  id  |tiililif 
t'diu'iilion,  wliii'h  was  dcsftriluHl  in  tletiil  in  liic  ('i)miiiiHsion('r'>  i;i'|M»it 
for  lS!>2-'.>.'t  (Vol.  1,  rii;i|»tcr  VI  i,  is  .iiistly  cflehrattMl  fur  i,.,  t  li<>iiii|;_'li 
oririini/iitioii,  t  Im  ikIiiiumIiI*'  liiiliiire  of  ccntnil  :iii(i  lix'.il  coiit  rol.  the 
eonclal  ion  ut' ;ill  :ir:i«li'<  frotn  the  kin(lei;jfarteii  lotlie  university,  and 
till' |iiovisioii  for  in>-irint,'  oven  in  the,  niral  tlistricis  llie  sei\  ices  of 
trained  teaelnsrs.  ICitMneuiary  <Mlii(aii(»n  is  eompulsory  and  free  in  the 
]>ul>lii-  sel:(M»ls.  SmI  lei  t  to  the  ii|)])io\al  of  the  pioviiieial  uovernment. 
all  rejiolalioiis  for  )>nl>lit' selntols  are  ina<le  by  the  inituster  of  edio  ai  ion. 

I. oral  rniilrnl. — The  miinici|)al  system  of  Ontario  alVords  a  full   meaa- 
ui'c  of  local  scdf  j;ovenniieiii.     Tile   rroviin*-  is  divitied   inti>  eoiiniics, 
which  art'  subdivided  into  minor  muni(.'i|ialities,  iiousistin^  ot    (own 
shi{»>.  incorporaled  xillaj^es,  to\vn>!,  and  eili»>s.     Tlie.-e  cor|h)rat ions  iir«* 
jjiven  certain  inrvi  rs  and   have  *"ertain  responsihiiitieN  with  'o'-pret  jo 
education.     Thron^di  theii'  uuitiicipal  coun«'ils  counties  are  under  oi)li 
jjalions  to  make  .grants  of  money  to  hitrh  selioojs,  and  b->tii  o>iintie8 
and  townsliips  must  coiiti  iltiite  ci-rtain  sums  in  aid   »f  pMblic  schools. 
Kacii  township  is  divided   into  school  sei  tioiis,  and   ea<'h  of  lhes«i  sec- 
tioUM  is  provided  \\ith  a  ptihlic  schook     Then'  is  a  boar»l  of  trustees  for 
eacli  school  section.  viUac.  town,  and  city.     Tlie  r.itei>aycrs  (iiirn  and 
women)  elect  the  trustees.     These,  witiiin  the  provisions  ot   the.  pro\in 
«Mal  statutes  or  rcjrnlatioiis  of  the  ediicatioi  depait  inent.  appoint  the 
teachers,  who  tunst  have  a  (lovernnient  diploma,  aiMl  di'termine  the 
ainountti  ti»  be  expended  for  buildings,  eipiipmeiits,  an<l  salmies. 

Siiurccs  of  hmnnr. — The  provincial  firaiit  tor  education  <'oinpiiscs 
(1)  frrants  t(>  elementary  schools;  ("J)  }j:rauts  to  secondary  s(diools:  fA) 
grants  for  the  irainin<j  ol'  teachers;  (i)  >^rants  for  technical  education. 
By  stamte  the  amount  ai»]uopriaU'd  for  public  and  separate  scliools  is 
«livided  on  t!ie  basis  of  averajje  attendance  in  e.ach.  respectively. 

In  l.S'.tt;  the  jjraut  for  eleinent;vry  sc1i(m>1s  was  ••r.ll(),S,"»l.  The  jjreater 
l»art  of  the  school  incoiiu^  is  provide<i  by  the  s<',hool  section,  xilla^'c, 
town,  or  city.     I'rom  tlie.>c  local  sources  the  total  re<'eived  in  IS'.Xi  was 

li,r)7r>,L'»;i. 

//(,(;/*  «(;//0()/.v.— -Liberal  St. i)port  is  ^ivcn  to  liifrh  scjiools.  and  stit-nu- 
ous  efforts  are  made  to  prevetit  pupils  from  droppiiii;-  out  of  tlie  schools 
until  the  advanced  course  is  oom])lcted. 

It  is  ideally  reco^'nized  tliai  the  best,  means  of  stimiii.itinjr  tlu'  hiwer 
ji'rades  is  U)  encourage  i)U{)ils  to  tiualify  themselves  for  entrance  upon 
tin- hi^^her.  The  success  of  these  etforts  is  shown  in  a  c  unparisoii  of 
the  current  statistics  with  those  of  earlier  «late. 

The  muubcr  of  hii,'li  schools  in  ISSii  was  KM.  lu  I.s'.m;  they  had 
iiureased  to  lot).  The  attendances  at  the  satne  dates  wi'ie,  respec- 
tively, L»3,;U8  and  2t..-.<17;  the  number  of  teachers,  ;«2  and  57t.  The 
uiuouut  paid  for  teachers'  salaries,  wljicli  in  1882  was  J^LloJkStH.  had 


KDIi  ATlo.V    IN    CANADA.  175 

more  than  doubled  in  imi,  midiin^^  a  toi  il  oi  ♦.'.;{L',7rM.  The  rost  i.er 
inil>il  n.s,.  iicrii  AL'7.:,»;  in  iss-  to  M:U).r>;i  l.,  istx;.  Tlie  total  ^'viMMidiriiro 
fnil.j;;!,  s,li.,ol,s  at  Ih.'  hitt.Td.it"  was.*71!»,!>7().  It  nhoiihl  !.<•  ol.snv»'<l 
tliat  Iho  lii^'h  scliools  of  (hitano  ai«'  not  (n-t-,  as  in  tlic  I'nitcd  Staft'H. 
VVhii«'  the  puhhr  schools  wore  made,  lice  in  IHTi.',  tht-  priviloue  mms  still 
<'«»ntinut'(l  to  the  IrnstiM^s  of  liinrli  st  liools  to  ini|>os<^  lees.  In  tU*' 
niiijority  of  cases  Ix.aids  of  trustees  have  availed  themselves  of  iliis 
jniMle^'e,  s,i  that  .»nt  ul  the  130  liijfli  scIhh.Is  in  the  I'lovince  there  are 
only  II  111  which  no  fees  are  char,i;ed.  The  total  aniotint  of  fees  eol- 
lect«'d  iVoin  hijili-whool  pnpils  in  issj  was  *J<J.L»70  and  in  IMtH) 
|<11."»,78;>,  The  fees  from  pnpils  and  the  let;islative  ;,u-ant  anionnted  to 
nearly*  e.-lliirdof  the  w  jiole  cost  of  maintaining;  tlie  idj^li  schools,  the 
reniaiiiinj,'  t  •■vo-tliirds  hein};  ,|istribiih.d  between  the  ratepay<is  of  the 
hi^hschool  district  ami  <'onnty  inniiicipalitios. 

I'roin  the  study  of  die  chtssifi*  n/iou  of  hitrh  S(  lionls  and  .■ollejriate 
instituteN  two  or  three  strikinjr  eli;innes  in  the  tendency  of  hi};li'  i  edu- 
cation are  disclosed.  In  l<r'  o\\\y  J,L'S;{  pni.ils,  or 'j;i  por  cent  of  the 
whole  utiniber,  tudied  < oin  ,  rcial  snbifv  .s,  siwh  as  b.»(.kkc<'pin-;-.  In 
1890  tins  subject  wiks  taken  by  l.i.OiiS  pupils,  or  r>3  por  c<.nt  of  the'^wliole 
attendance.  lu  18«;7,  r>,171  pu^  ds  or  !>o  ptM'  cent  of  tlie  Ahole  attend- 
ance studied  Latin.  In  IS'.Mi  th<  ,ininber  of  pupils  iti  Latin  was  lo.."»L'n, 
about  «;.i  per  cent  of  the  iuiiul»er  i.i  attendance.  In  l.^J7.  l."»  per  4-ent 
Btu<lied  (Ireek;  in  IS'.MJ  oidy  0  ]»er  cent.  In  l>Ui7,  .*'S  per  <'ent  of  the 
])Upils  studied  I'rench  and  nrnie  >tudied  ileiinan.  In  IS!Mi  theHe  'lum- 
b»n>>  had  inci-cased  to  ."ir,  per  cent  and  18  per  cent,  i-esi)e<'tively.  There 
also  has  been  a  lai;,fe  increase  iu  the  number  stjidyinc;  drawing.  ta»5 
total  in  18117  beiii};  <)7<>,  and  iu  isoo,  i;i,  ;t»->. 

The  nr<-atest  pri»^n'8s,  howevei',  has  been  made  in  tjie  study  of 
En^^lisii  literature,  composition,  and  liistory.  These  subjects,  includ'ng 
]>oetieal  litxuatme,  introduced  in  1SS7,  are  now  taken  substantially  by 
all  tiie  [Uipils. 

The  iuHuenrH'.  <ti'  the  liimh  schools  is  ure.wly  extended  throufjh  the 
elementary  lesu  hers  that  receive  in  them  their  nonprofessional  training. 
They  constituted  in  l.siMI  nearly  L't  per  cent  of  the  entire  teaching  force 
of  the  province. 

Tiie  widesjiread  iuHueare  (»f  tiie  hi;.;h  schools  is  indicated  also  by  the 
vani  <|  elasse.s  from  which  their  pu|)ils  are  <lrawn.  The  occupations  of 
parents  of  hi  fj;h-8<dimd  pnpil.s  as  rep<»rted  in  I-SUG  were  as  follows: 

Ag.  i<nllnriil <)_  ]2ii 

C'(»iuiiH»r<:ial , C  -lyj 

I'<iilianical (,   t(;2 

Proi'ossioiial 2,  187 

SY8TKM    OF   <,)UKnEC. 

Jlistorical  surrey, — The  sch(X>l  system  of  Quebec  is  much  more  com- 
plicateil  than  that  of  the  <ither  i)rovinces,  and  bears  much  less  resein- 
blaiu-e  to  those  of  our  own  .State.s.     The  salient  feature  of  the  Kvsteni  is 


17() 


EDUCATION    Kl',r(JUT,   lMy7-9><. 


the  provision  lor  tlioseiKiraU'i'oiitvol  of  CiiMiolic  and  TioloHtant  scliools. 
Thisiliialcliaractfi'  illustrates  hotli  the  reli;iious  and  national  inlhumceH 
under  wiiich  tlie  system  lias  ^nadiuill.y  ileveloped.  Dir  hij,'  tin?  French 
n'j;inie'  (l()15-17(iO)  education  wan  left,  to  the  religitais  orders  that  had 
come  out  fo^Sew  l-'ranee  for  the  purpose  of  carrying- on  ndssionary  work 
anionj;  llie  Indians.  Of  the  tive  principal  ()r(U'r>,  that  «stal)li.she<i  theni- 
scKeH  in  the  pfovau*^  three  were  di'voted  to  tlie.  education  of  boys;  tiie 
other  two  were  coiieerneu  .solely  with  the  *'ducatiou  of  yirls.  The  sepa- 
ration of  tlie  sexes  in  cleineritary  grades,  which  is  still  characteristic  of 
the  Houiau  Catholic  schools,  is  thus  seen  to  be  a  natural  result  of  their 
orijirin.  Tin*  reli^nous  orders  were  suj>portcd  in  Hieirwork  by  fijrautvS 
of  land  fi*)in  the  French  kin;,^s,  by  jirivate  bcnefaction.s,  and  by  the 
contributions  of  tiie  eiiurtdi. 

Alter  the  capture  of  «i>uebee  (1«)15S))  the  relijiious  orders  experienced 
some  dilliculty  in  eontinuiuj,''  their  work.  Two  of  the  ordeis.  the  Uec(d- 
lects  and  the  .Jesuits,  weie  indeed  teuiporaiily  obliged  to  withdraw. 
Q'lie  Kt'collects  did  iu>[  return  until  JtJTO,  but  the  Jesuits  retiirin-d  in 
1CM2,  iniinediately  after  the  restoration  of  the  country  to  the,  I'rench. 
They  resinned  their  educatiomd  work  with  great  viyoi',  and  established 
schools  which  rapidly  developed,  and  which  ha\e  had  i»owerfnl  influ- 
ence in  shaping:  the  history  of  the  pio\  nice. 

Ariioni;'  e\'islin^•  institutions  which  are  traceable  to  the  eltbrts  of  these 
religions  orders  are  Laval  I'idversity,  the  outgr<iwth  of  the  '*  i'etit 
Wi'uunaire  de  Quebec,"  founded  by  Bishop  Laval  in  lG(iS,  and  the 
Ursidiiie  t'oiivcnt.  lV)unded  in  lti39.  the  first  girls'  s^diool  in  Canada. 

The  conquest  by  tlie  JOuglish  in  L7(»t>  [irepared  tlie  way  for  many  new 
agencies, and  between  that  date  and  the  date  of  tlie  ujiion  of  Upper 
and  Lower  (."anada  (  USIl)  the  number  of  schools  was  greatly  multiplied. 

'J'h<»  t'hristian  Brothers  began  their  efforts  in  1837  as  teachers  of 
elementary  schools.  Here,  as  els(>whei(>,  tliinr  work  took  deep  hold  of 
the  coiiinmnity,  and  it  foi'ins  today  one  of  thi'.  most  impiu'tant  features 
of  llonian  Catholic  elementary  education  in  the  I'rovince.  The  Protes- 
tant churches  and  I'rotestant  societies  were  also  very  active  in  estab- 
lishing schools;  and  the  ;^eriiis  of  a  puVdiesehoid  system  were  implanted 
by  settlers  from  the  New  F.iigland  States,  wiio  e.-tablished  thenistdves 
in  townships.  ••  During  the  liist  year  of  their  life  in  (!anada  the  cliil- 
drenof  near  neighbors  were  gathered  in  one  of  the  dwellijg  bouses, and 
taught  by  one  of  the  older  and  better  instructed  of  their  sons  and 
daughters.  N'ery  soon  log  sclioolhous(>s  were  erected  in  many  of  the 
toNMisliijis  by  the  volunlary  I'tVorth  of  the  sett  lei  s,  and  in  these  the 
children    were  regularly  t;iught.     The  cost  of  erecting  schot»lhonses 

'  XI\L'  ritnijin'  <>l  tlic  larli  history  of  (■diKjiitioti  in  Quelit'i'  i-)  cunipilcd  inmi  (In  iuUiuhK  lioii  lo  tliti 
Sliiiiiml  ol'  Sdidul  I.iiw  mill  l!i'«iiliilioii.-<.  |irni>iiitd  liy  lies .  KIhiui  !.  licxl'mil,  II.  A.,  t'nriiicrly  BiM'rvlnry  of 
the  doiuiilmi'iif  ol  jiiihlir  iiiHtiiutiou.  An  inipoi  taut  hoiiii'c  ot' infoniiatlDii  in  tho  UiHturyof  I'iiIiHo 
luBtructum  in  CuuiuU,  hy  M.  OliHiiveuii,  fornicdy  nilninfiT  of  imhlir  inMtnictiuii  for  tho  i'rovinco  of 
Qiiobec.  rii(>  fiillowinc  Mimrri-s  arc  riled  iu  Ciinuda  unit  lln'  ;'anailiiin  t^iieMti.in,  liy  (ioldwiu  Sniilii  ■ 
Tlio  itelutionH  d»'«  Ji'-f  .litos,  and  I.e  Ch'icti'n  i'l'liJiMls.-cfiicnl  d*  la  Koi  Mr  rMiUuiunn  .Nainitiv  <  h,  and 
tho  liihtoties  of  (iunioiiii,  (.'hristli',  Mili'o,  MaiMulltn.  and  Kiuii«fi>i'il. 


EDUCATIOX    IN    CANAT>A. 


177 


and  inaiiitaiMiii<>  sclKtoLs  li.ul  t.)  be  (It'l'iiiycd  l.y  tljc  settlcrH  tliciiisolvos. 
N(»t  siitisiicd  witli  i)invi(lin>;'  eleiiu'iitiiry  scliools  for  llicif  <rliil.lieii,  tlie 
msidciitsoftlH' more  thickly  settled  centeisortlio  l<)uiislii|MMHU'a\(»ml, 
sit  ail  early  date,  to  provide  more  iidvaiieed  iiKstra(;tioii  by  esiahlish- 
iiiji' 'aeadeinics,"  or  superior  sehools.  The  persons  iiiteresie'd  eontiibii- 
i^*\  to  the  erection  of  a  suitable  biiildinf;'  and  elected  a  board  of 
trustees,  to  which  was  intrusted  the  mana^ycM.ent  of  the  school,  la 
the  e  rlier  years  the,  teacher  had  to  depend  inainly  u;i<)ii  tiie  tniliou 
fees  for  his  salary.  Tliis  was  sometimes  supplemenled  by  subserijttion.n 
and  other  si)e(ial  provisions,  and  when  {grants  were  ^'iven  by  tlie  legis- 
lature and  by  the  lloyallnstitution,  these  institutions  were  lecoi^iiized." 
Thes<' (iitrereiit  agencies,  with  their  di\(-ise  and  often  op|.osite  aims 
}ind  methods,  have  Ikh'Ii  continued  to  the  present  tinu\  with  such  modi- 
tications  as  were  in<'vitable  from  the  elfort  to  iiu-Iude  them  in  a  State- 
aided  system. 

The  first  public  elementary  school  act  for  the  lMr»vin(  e  was  passed 
in  l.SiU  The  snbse<iaent  law  of  1.S40,  amended  in  l.S41>.  is  substantially 
the  same  as  the  laws  i)assed  in  l.sdO,  lS7(i,  aud   IMSS. 

(ciiiral  '■i)iitrnl..-'{'\\v  law  of  bSll  pro\  i(b«d  for  a  superintendent  of 
j)nblic  mstiuctioii.  The  council  of  ])ublic  instruction  was  instituted  iu 
18;>(i,  and  in  bSO!)  the  c<uincil  \\a>  organized  in  two  coiiiiniitees,  one  for 
the  charge  of  lioman  Catholic,  the  other  of  Protestant  schools.  The 
religious  distinction  was  tluis  inctu'poi'ated  into  the  legal  system  aud 
pervades  its  entire  organization.  I'or  »'\ani]de.  the  schcnil  inspectors 
a])pointed  by  the  lieutenant  governor  are  chosen  from  persons  recom- 
mended iiy  the  committees.  A  mcng  the  re(jniremeuts  for  tiie  inspect(u-- 
bhip  is  experient  e  as  a  teacher,  the  possession  of  a  di]iloma.  and  success 
in  ail  e.xamiuatioii  liefore  one  or  t!ie  other  of  the  council  committees. 

Mach  c«uiimittee  mak«'S  regidalions  tor  the  insjieitors  of  the  schools 
under  its  own  charge,  and  has  absolute  control  over  the  inspectorate, 
siuee  it  is  also  within  tlie  pioviiK'c  of  the  committees  to  reccnnniend  the 
dismissal  id'  temdieis  for  causes  specified. 

<Jertaiii  piililic  olficials  are  also  recognized  as  "school  visitors,  wlio 
may  visit  tlie  public  schools  as   often  as   they  think  desirable,  but 
visitors  are  entitle<l   to  \  isit  only  the  schools  id'  their  own  laith."     It  is 
further  pn>vided  that  the  following  are  visitors  only  for  the  muiiici 
])ality  in  whicii  they  reside: 

1.  l.'oman  <'atholi<'  and  I'rotestant  clcigymen. 

L'.  Members  of  the  couiu-il  of  arts  and  manufacturos. 

3.  TJje  mayor  and  the  Justice  of  the  peace. 

I.  The  c(doneIs,  lieutenant  colonels,  majors,  and  senior  captains  of 
the  militia. 

Rf'ipm-cun uts  for  feocliers. — The  jeligioiis  distineti(»n  is  mainlained 
also  iu  the  ai>poiiitm<'nt  id'  tea<'hers.  (Candidates  are  examined  l»y 
boards  appointed  by  the  lienienant-governor  upon  the  recomiiieiKhitiou 
ol"  one  <»r  other  of  the  eommiltcvs.     All   persons  desiring  to  act   as 


178 


EDUCATION   REPORT,  1897-98. 


teacliers  must  tiiHlcj-^o  exiuniiiatioii  unless  ]irovi(1«'d  wifli  a  (lii)Ioma 
lidiii  Olio  of  the  iioniial  schools.  Xevertlu-less,  ''every  i>rie8t,  minister, 
and  ecclesiastic,  and  every  person  tbrndng  i>art  of  a  relii^nous  order 
instituted  for  edu(r!itional  jnirposes.  or  being  a  member  of  a  religious 
community  of  women,  is  ex<Mnpt  from  undergoing  an  <>xamiiuiti()n  before 
any  of  the  s;iid  boards." 

Loiol  rontrol  of  schooln. — Tlie  local  unit  of  school  administratiiui  is  a 
'•S(!h(iol  municipabty" — i.  e.,  any  teriitory  erected  into  a  numieipality 
for  the  support  of  schools  under  the  control  of  school  comndssioneris  or 
of  trustees  elected  by  the  ratepayers. 

The  commissioners  aic  em|)o\vered  to  divide  a  municipality'  into 
school  districts  and  to  maintain  one  or  two  scliools  in  each  district. 

"If  in  any  municipality  the  regulations  and  arrangements  made  by 
the  school  commissioners  for  the  management  of  any  8<',hool  are  not 
agn-eable  to  any  number  whatever  of  the  ])i"oprictors,  occujjants, 
tenants,  or  ratepayeis  luofessing  a  religious  faith  different  from  that  of 
the  majority  of  the  inhabitants  of  siich  municipality,  such  i>roprietm'S, 
occupants,  tenants,  and  ratepayers  may  signify  such  dissent  in  writing 
to  the  chairman  of  the  coniniissioners. 

"The  notice  having  been  duly  served,  the  dissentients  may  i)roceed, 
after  till!  lapse  of  two  months,  to  elect  ihree  school  trustees,  who  will 
have  the  same  power  with  respect  to  dissentient  or  s<'parate  schools  as 
the  comnussioners  have  with  re.S])ect  to  the  schools  of  the  ujajority. 
The  trustees  alone  have  the  right  of  imposing  and  collecting  the  taxes 
upon  the  dissentient  inhabitants."  So  c(unplete  is  the  provision  for 
jniiiorlties  tliat  tnisiet's  have  the  same  powers  and  duties  as  school 
commissioners  for  the  management  of  the  schools  under  their  control. 

The  division  of  school  authority  out  of  regard  to  sectarian  jiredilec- 
tioiis  and  the  conse(|uent  preservation  of  original  forms  has  resulted  in 
a  diversity  of  schools,  whose  scojjc  it  is  not  always  easy  to  express  in 
terms  apidicable  to  other  systems. 

\  certain  degree  of  unilbrnnty  is  imposed  upon  the  schools  by  the 
conditions  for  obtaining  a  share  in  the  public  funds. 

Sottrrtx  of' siliool  iiKdmc. — Schools  are  siii)ported  by  l(>cal  taxes,  fees, 
and  ]»rovincial  appropriations.  The  rate  of  fees  is  fixed  by  scIkkiI 
couunissioners  and  trustees,  but  may  not  be  more  than  40  cents  nor 
less  than  5  cents  a  month. 

I'.VVMKNT    AND   JJISTRIBUTION    OK    HIE   COMMON-SCHOOL    lUND. 

The  sums  constituting  the  common-school  fand  of  the  province  are 
paid  to  the  superintendent  in  semiannual  payments,  and  the  superiu- 
teiideut  i»ays  their  respective  shares  to  the  several  boards  of  school 
commissioners  and  trustees  in  two  semiannual  i)ayments. 

To  entitle  any  school  lo  its  share  of  the  general  or  l(,cal  school  fund 
it  is  requisite  and  sufficient — 

1.  Thiit  it  biiH  t)ooii  imili'i-  tlie  uianagoiiioiit  ni  scliool  (•oiuuiiBMioiuiis  or  trustees  in 
the  niannci  (lirrctcd  hy  tlii^  liiw. 


EDLTAI'ION    IN    CANADA. 


179 


2.  That  it  has  liecn  in  actual  oi)oriiti*)ii  iliiriiii;  at  li  asi  i'i;i>lit  iiiDiitlis. 

3.  Tliat  it  liaH  liocii  afttindc-il  liy  :it  li'ast  15  <  iiiitlifn  .imtkmI-  nl'  cjiiilrmlc  or  i  ini- 
taj^jiuiiH  (liHoasi'S  c\ci'[)tf(l ). 

•1.  riint  i-«i>()rts  have  heon  niMile  to  liio  8ch<Kil  coiniiiissioin'is  m  trii,sti'<H  iiy  tho 
toaclicr  and  by  at  least  two  of  tlir  t:oriimissionprs  or  trustees. 

•').  That  a  i)iil)lic  exuiuiiiatioii  of  tho  st^hool  has  takfii  ]iliico. 

ti.  11, at  a  report,  wiy;iie(l  liy  the  majority  of  tho  Nchofd  coiiuuissioneiB  or  triit-tees 
ami  liy  the  Hecittary-tioasiirer,  has  heeu  tiaiisniittcil  to  the  siiperinteiKh  nl  ivery 
si\  iiiontliR,  tho  (irst  heforr  tho  loth  day  of  January  ami  tlio  second  beloie  the  15tli 
day  of  July  in  eaeli  year. 

7.  'I'hat  a  snni  equal  to  tlie  ;.;r:nit  niadu  hy  I  lie  le;^islature  f(»r  1h'>  iMnni(i])aiit\  has 
heen  raisc.'d,  aa  herein  i)i(i\  iih^d. 

8.  That  ti'Mchers  with  diplomas  have  heen  eni[)l(>yiil  therein. 
!l.  That  the  teaiherH  have  been  ]»ai<l  every  six  months. 

10.  That  only  those  hooks  anthoii/ed  hy  the  conunittees  of  the  ccininil  of  puhlio 
instriiiti(in  ha\e  heen  ust  d. 

11.  That  the  ref;fnlati<iiis  of  tl;e  eoniniittees  and  the  in.sti'uci  ions  of  the  sii]ierin- 
tendent  have  hern  ohserveil. 

All  snuis  ari.'-injj;  fioin  seluxd  fjriints,  school  taxe.^,  and  fioni  any  sourc"  other  than 
monthly  fois  form  the  sciniol  land  in  each  mnnieipality,  and  arc  distributed  and 
eniidoycd  by  them : 

1.  Kirlier  in  pronortion  to  the  nninlu^-  of  chiblriMi  frim;  7  to  II  yeans  of  age  in  «aph 
Bchoid  distriit  lesiding  therein  anil  capaMe  of  attiMidinj;  school;  or, 

L'.  Hy  makinj;  a  conimoii  I'lind,  out  of  which  tlie  S'  hool  <'oiinniisioners  or  trnsrees 
])ay  the  exi>enses  occasii>ned  by  the  ])aynu'nt  of  teachers' salaries,  the  inainten:inco 
of  s(  hoolhouso.'s,  the  purchase  of  books,  =ichool  furnilure,  and  other  contingent 
expenses. 

The  school  connnissioners  or  trustees  after  having  adopted  oin'  of  the  two  methods 
mentioned  in  tiui  preceding  artiide  can  not  change  it  within  two  years,  unless  liy 
tht)  authority  of  the  .siiperintendent. 

In  all  ciises  the  school  commissioners  or  trustees  are  reifuired  to  decluct  from  tln-ir 
share  of  the  school  fniul  the  anni  of  ^XO  for  th(>  flnjiporl  of  a  model  school,  if  (here  is 
one  in  the  mnnici])ality ,  in  addition  to  the  sh.are  which  such  n>odi-!  siliool  isentitleo 
to  receive  from  such  fund. 

»>  »  *■  1  »  » 

■fhe  suni  annnall>  voted  by  the  legislature  in  aid  of  poor  nuinicipalitics  is  distrib- 
nt<'d  liy  tlie  strjierintcudent  according  to  the  division  made  by  him,  and  wlii<  1-  li.'.s 
been  ai)proved  by  the  cominit  t^es  of  the  eonncil  of  public  instnol  ion, 

I'uhlic  apprtiiiiiatioii.s  urc  iil.-io  mat  It-  tor  .sii])ei'itif  iii.si  itn  lions — i.  I'.Jnr 
universities, clus8ic;ik'ollogt's,iic'a(lemies,ett'. — and  tlii'  moiioysooi  anted 
i.s  divided  l)et\vceu  tlie  total  of  tlio  IJoiuaii  (.'atliolic  ttiid  I'l'Dtcstaiit 
iu.stittiIion.s,  rt'.spcctiv«'ly,  in  tlio  relative  iiropDition  of  ihe  re.s|>ecti\e 
Ivoinaii  <.!atli()lic  and  I't'otestant  [»oim]atiou8  of  the  I'loviuce  arccu'iliiiy 
to  the  tlien  last  census. 

8iich  giants  are  for  the  year  only,  ami  are  not  permanent. 

Teaeher.s  Intve  the  benelit  of  tv  pen.sion  fund  Jiuiintained  by  withhold- 
ing L'  per  ci'iitof  the  annual  salaries.  I'lic  fund  i.s  available  for  tcaeliers 
who  have  ser\  ed  ten  years  an*l  ha\  e  rt'aehed  the  age  of  ."if!  years. 

KFl'OKTS   FOU    TlIF,   ItKtIRtiANIZATIoN    oF   THE   SC'IIOOL    .SVSTF.^r. 


The  dual  syst-t^nt  liere  outlined  has  not  worke<l  without  fiidiou  and  it 
is  in  uiiiny  re8[>eets  tine(|uul  to  the  <leinands  of  the  [iresent  tinn'. 


ISO 


EDUCATION    KKfOHT,    lS!)7-ilK. 


A  now  ediicatioii  bill  was  sulHiiiHcMi  to  the  iiHsouibly  in  the  session 
of  1S<)7.  but  af't<M'  pas^ii'U'  that  boily  by  ;i  hiri;.'  iiuijority  was  rojec  tt-d 
by  tlie  c<imi(il. 

Tho  aju'itatioii  of  tlie  siibjeot  has,  liowcvoi,  awakened  piiblit;  interest 
ill  the  seliools,  and  the  press  devotes  nmch  sjat"-  to  their  <liseussioii. 
Ainoiif;' e\  ideiit'es  of  iin]»i'oveiiH'iit  noted  by  tlie  supeiiiiti'tidt-nt  in  his 
report  Ibr  l^'.tC.-OT  are  tlie  abolition  of  loeal  rxaiidniiii;'  boiii'ds. 

The  iH'w  iM'otcstaiit  tia<'liers  must  have  a  normal  school  diploma, 
and  the  l.'oiiiaii  Catholic.  tea<'ht'r,s  will  have  to  j^-et  theirs  from  a  central 
board  of  examiners. 

There  are  teadiiMt:-  in  tlic  Honuiii  ('atludic  elementary  schools  ."'..Sfib 
female  teaehei's  with  di[»loiiias,  and  their  a\era<;e  yearly  salai'y  is 
.'?!tH, 

The  boiiian  (.'atholie  coiiiniittei\  with  tlie  appro\al  <.f  the  executive, 
has  now  lived  the  mihimntu  salary  to  l»e  ]iaid  schoolmasters  and  school- 
mistresses at  lino,  and  vwAy  municipality  that  does  luti  c(>niply  with 
rc«4ulatioii  will  forfeit  its  school  yrant. 

In  ISOG  the  sum  of  !*."»(). (»()(»  was  added  t(>  the  usual  ^raiit,  ami,  as  a 
consenuence,  the  ^raiit  to  poor  nmuicipalities  has  been  raised  tVoni 
*  1 0.0(10  to  $l'U,00O, 

JMom  present  nulieations  it  is  i»ro!iable  that  a  removed  effort  will  l)e 
made  in  the  next  session  of  the  legislature  to  secure  the  jiassaye  ot'  a 
new  school  law. 

s^■sTEM  or  yvAx  t{RT'nswick. 

Ill  New  Brunswick,  tlui  governor,  the  n)em})ers  of  the  executive 
council,  the  chancellor  of  the  univcisity.  and  the  chief  superintendent 
of  education  constitute  a  board  of  education  lor  the  general  control  of 
pulilie  schools.  The  8<-liool  district  is  the  local  unit  of  school  u<iminis- 
tration.  and  tlie  elementary  .schools  are  numufjed  directly  by  trustees 
elected  as   in    I  lie  other  provinces.     Appiic}int>>    lor   tea:'licrs'  [daces 

must  show  professional  cjassilication  at  the  m)rmal  school,  a  license 
from  the  board  of  education,  or  hold  a  dei^iee  in  arts  from  a  chart<M'ed 
collcfjfe  or  university,  and  comply  with  other  re(|uirements  accordiiiii,' 
to  the  ])osition  soiis-ht.  Hveu  juradiiates  of  arts  without  training  at 
noruml  schools  or  two  years' experience  in  tcachiuf^  must  give  prac- 
tical illustrations  of  methods  of  reaching  before  the  i)rincipal  of  the 
normal  school  and  a  ])rotessor  of  th<'  university. 

There  arc  three  sources  from  which  imuieys  are  drawn  f,.r  tiie  pay- 

•  lueiit  of  teachers'  salaries:  The  provincial  treasury,  tho  county  scliool 
fund,  and  <lisfriit  assessment.  Imoui  the  lirst-named  sourct;  aii  aHow- 
ance  is  annually  made  iii  respect  of  .>very  legally  <pmlified  teacher  in 
the  service.  Male  teachers  receive  ^bir',  *IO.S,  or  |8I.  according  to 
giadc;  female  teachers,  !*loo,  $81,  ^iMi,  according  to  grade. 
,^  Assistant  teacluu-s  receive  not  im  iC  than  one  half  the  above  amounts. 
The  county  assessment  in  aid  of  schools  uiust  yield  "an  amount  eciual 
to  thirty  cents  for  every  inhabitant  of  the  county  according  to  the  last 


. 


EDUCATION    I\    OANAI'A. 


181 


inecediiif;  census,  together  wit li  ;iii  iuiiouiit  not  oxccedin}?  .10  j.»'r  cent 
for  piobablf':  loss  and  expi-nses  of  dislmrsinf;."'  This  j>-rosa  sum  is 
nitportioiicd  unmniL;'  the  several  ]>arislies,  cities,  and  towns  Iti  tlie  same 
propoition  as  other  eouiity  taxes. 

The  district  assessnieut  consists  of  a  i»olI  tax  levied  ,tt  tiie  j.er  capita 
rate  of$I  on  evry  male  i)ersoii  (except  clerj^yiaen )  between  tbeajLics  of 
i'l  and  <!(>  yeais. 

The  balanc<'()f  tlui  sum  ti>beiai-;ed  by  the  disMict  is  assessed  on  real 
and  personal  lu'ojMMty. 

The  law  in()\i<les  for  tlie  establisliment  of  su])crn)r  or  liij;li  schools 
and  for  county  {irammar  schools.  I'liesi'  reeei\  e  aid  from  rbe  ]iro\  in<'!al 
treasury  if  they  rcaeli  a  certain  standard  of  enieienciy.  'I'lie  ;4rant  in 
each  case  is  juopoitioned  to  the  amount  of  local  support  which  the 
8v.'ho(d  receives. 

8YSTE:\r    (•]•'    NOVA    SCJOTIA. 

Nova  kScotia  maintains  a  syste-m  of  free  nonscctarian  public  schools, 
under  the,  ;;eneral  charge  of  the  executive  council.  Avhich  forms  for  this 
special  interest  a  council  of  jmblic  instruction.  The  <'hief  ofhcer  of  the 
s\  stem  is  a  sui)erintcndent,  whet  is  apitointed  by  the  <;*)vernor  in  council. 
The  (Council  has  power  (1)  to  direct  (in  all  cases  not  sjMicincally  pro- 
vided for  by  statute)  the  expenditure  of  such  sums  of  money  as  are 
ui»propriated  by  the  le,i,nslatnro  for  educational  purposes,  such  expendi- 
ture to  be  made  on  the  requisition  or  certilicate  of  the  superintendent 
of  education. 

(2)  To  api>oint  a  princii)al  of  the  normal  and  model  schools,  and  also 
such  assistant  teachers  as  may  i>e  Ibund  necessary,  and  to  lix  the  sala- 
ries of  the  same. 

(3;  To  make  re.uulatious  for  the  conduct  of  th<>  normal  school  and  to 
presci'ibe  (he  conditions  of  admission  and  gradimtion  oi  students. 

(4)  To  di\  ide  the  province  into  inspectoiates  ami  to  ai)point  an 
inspector  for  each  upon  the  reconinjendation  of  the  superintendent  of 
education,  and  to  reyulate  all  th<'  conditimis  as  to  teachers' licenses, 
length  of  si'hool  session,  form  of  s(d>ool  ri',iiisters.  text  books,  and  courses 
of  study  as  may  be  necessary  to  securing  unilbrm  standards  of  elliciency 
in  tlu!  schools  of  the  proxince. 

The  conn*  il  also  has  ])Ower''to  make  regulations  for  constructing, 
locating,  and  cotitrolling  county  academies,  and  to  authorize  the  ])ay- 
nu'iit  of  i»roviii(!ial  grants  to  the  same."  It  may  aid  in  the  esta])lish- 
inent  and  sup])ort  of  8<dn)ol  libraries  and  i)rovi<le  for  the  training  of 
tesichers  in  agricultural  sciences  and  fostei-  the  teaching  of  these  sub- 
jects in  the  elementary  schools, 

Loc((l  control, — Tii(>  [U'ovince  is  divided   into  school  comnii,--sioners" 
districts,  in  charge  each  of  a  board  ol' commissioners  a])pointed   by  the 
council,  subject   to   the   provisions  of  the  town's  iucorporaticm  act  of 
18!K">.     Each  school  section  shall  have  a  board  of  three  trustees  elected. 
by  (he  njajority  of  the  qualitied  voters  of  the  section. 


IH'J 


KDITCATION    KEPORT,   lS!i7-9«. 


'riic.  ])n\ver.s  and  duties  iiiiiio-^cd  upon  (lie  triistt'cs  arc  discliarj^ed  by 
tlic  appoiiifcd  comiiiissioiiias  in  inrorporalt'd  touns. 

'riH>  <ify  of  llalil'a.v  Ibi'iiis  f)iio  school  section  in  cliarge  of  IwcUc  com- 
niissidtiers,  of  witom  six  aieap])()intcd  hy  tlie  governor.  'riics(>  trustees 
or  conunissioners  have  iaiinediate  cliarge  of  the  schools  in  tlieii'  respec 
tive  sections;.  They  employ  teaehers,  wiio  nnist.  however,  be  licensed, 
exccpr  that  where  in  cessaiy  an  unlicensed  candidate  maybe  appointed 
n.s  assistant  teaelier. 

Mixlr  of  Hitpporl. — The  li\ed  sum  nf  ><1Sl?,;'5()0  t\»r  eiieh  sclnxtl  \»!ar  is 
jiaid  semiannually,  or  as  the  council  oi"  luiblic  instruction  may  pre 
8er;he,  to  legally  qualifieil  tea(;lnMs  emph>yed  in  (he  common  srhoels  in 
jvcordance  with  law.  (o  bo  divided  between  sucli  teachers  in  eonjouied 
inoixn  tion  (o  tin- number  of  days  the  respec(ive  schools  ai'e  taught  and 
the  scale  ol'  tin?  respective  grades. 

This  distribution  is  made  seniiannuall,\'  through  the  iiispectors.  or 
otlierwise  as  the  e')uncil  may  direct.  In  every  c<niuty  except  that  in 
which  tin.'  city  of  Halifax  is  situate;  the  clerk  of  the  municipality  is 
reiiniicd  to  aild  t«)  tlie,  sum  annually  \oted  for  general  miiiiicij)al  pur 
l)oses  at  the  regular  meeting  of  the  council  U;  sum  sullicient,  after 
(b'diuiting  costs  of  col](M-tion  and  probable  loss,  ti)  yiel<l  an  amount 
eo.ual  to  30  ceir  ;  :  ■■  .'vci-y  inhabitant  of  the  municii»ality.  aiid  the 
.sum  so  addc<1  shall  Ibiai.  or  be  a  ]»ortion  of,  the  municipal  rates.  ,\iiy 
sum  fnrthei  needed  is  determined  by  tliosi'  who  pay  a  projK'rty  tax 
(ratepayers;.  Ordained  ministers,  widows,  and  nnmairied  women  are 
exempt  tiom  se/tiom:!  asses-iueid  on  projterty  to  tiie  ainoiint  ol"  •r'oiit*. 


ni'.  sciiooi    svs'n:^!  of  ^ivMion.v. 


Histarifiil  sinri  ii.-  —  W-un-  to  (he  passage  of  (he  law  of  ]■<)(>  Manitoiia 
maintained  sejiarate  schools  for  lloman  Calholu'  and  foi  Trotestant 
children. 


Commissioner's  Keport  for  181)4-115  (\'ol.  1,  C'hai>.  \'lli. 

The  an.swer  of  the  provincial  legislature  to  the  Dominion  government 
refusing  to  enact  a  remedial  law  was  approved  December  2(>,  1S0.*>,  and 
Uie  legislature  at  <uice  dissolved,  that  an  appeal  might  be  made  directly 
to  the  in'Ojde.  The  election  held  on  January  lo  lesulted  in  an  »>ver- 
whelming'  (rimnph  for  the  i)remier,  .Mi.  <ireen\vay.  and  his  jiolicy  of 
noiisectarian  schools. 

The  Dominion  parlhiment  assemhled  dannaiy  1*.  on  which  day  Lord 
AberdeiaKas  guvernor-general.  ]»resented  his  address  to  the  lawmakers 
and  stnuigly  urged  the  necessity  ot  comiielling  Manitoba  to  .submit. 


► 


EDUCA'lION    IN    CANADA. 


183 


Ir  tuiiH'd  oui  flint  tlic  Doiiiiiiiiiu  (Ml)iii('l  wn-^  sfriously  dividrd  on  tlie 
Hiibjcct,  and  oil  .I;iiin:iry  1  li.ilf  ..I'  rli.-  niinistfrs  rt'sijvi,,'d  tlicir  port- 
folios, S!ilisc«iu('iitly  the,  n'tirii),n  inini.stcivs  were  induced  to  witlidniw 
thi'ir  resi^-natioiis.  It  wns  now  clear  tliiit  the  only  liopcofthc  sc|»;irafc- 
.scliool  i);irty  lay  in  the  iMo:ni.scd  intci  Icrence  oi  the  Fedci;i!  I'arlia- 
iiK  nr.  No  detiiiito  action  was  taken  in  the  matter  nntil  March  L',  ISihi, 
wli.'ii  a  remedial  bill  was  inliodnced.  Tiic  conservative  ii-oVenMnent 
then  in  power  had  less  than  two  months  left  to  them  before  (lie  neces- 
sary <lissoIu(ion  of  i:arliament,  anil  it  was  evident  that  tlic  bill  had  no 
chance  of  beinpf  (rarried,  or  even  fully  considt^red.  in  the  lime  remain- 
ing-. Su<-h  discussion  as  took  i)lacc  was  bitter,  and  the,  dissolution  of 
paTliament.  OH  the  I'llh  of  Ai)ril,  carried  the  whole  onestion  ba<d<  to 
the  peoiile  of  t!ie  Dominion.  The  (piestion  involved  and  tiie  results  of 
the  elertioii  are  thus  set  foith  by  an  lin^'lish  authority: 

It  limy  Ix'  l»iicil\  Httilfil  tliat  iii  till'  oloctioii  slni;jr^'li)  tlin  (.'ailiolii'  .m  liool  syKlfin 
was  tlic  Miiiiii  i|M.'-iiii)ii,  ;nMl  tliat  tin  Ciiilmlic  bisljups  iiiitl  clorjiy  threw  thi'iiisolvi's 
viuoi-oiiNlv  into  tiic  f.iitest  and  esfitcd  tlifir  iittiinHt  ntiTn,£;tli  to  si'cnre  the  rctinii  of 
iih'Iu'mt.s  i.lcdufil  (  iilpT  to  establish  .soiiaralc  s(  hixds.  or  else,  in  va;,'iH'r  ttTiiis.  to  sto 
Jiislii',  diiiM-  to  lliK  (';ilhol|i:  luiiiority  in  Maiiiiolia.  lint  tho;inii  the  iMimriiial  key 
to  (h.'  xirldiy  ill  Ihc  Poiiiiiiioii  pai-liiiiiicllt,  was  artnully  in  tli.'  haiidr;  of  ll.f  most 
Caihoii.'  pro\  iiiro,  <Viiidie.i'.  the  I  ilicral  ojipoeition  Jisadei  was  i  ct  miii-d  to  power  hy 
ii  rousidii-aldc  majority  ;  and  tlic  Lil)ei'al  jiarty  thns  took  th<'  l.-.id  in  I'anadiaii  poli- 
tirs  I'or  tiio  lir-'t  tiinr  in  tdj^lili-cn  ycar.s.  It  is  tnio  that  several  eonvid.tiations, 
ratliei  i)oIitical  and  et;ononii<',  and  even  pcrliapH  ethnoloe:ii'al,  htdjied  Id  lirinj;  about 
Mr.  I.anrii  r\s  tiinmph;  hrd  tlio  latterV  sideinn  undertakin;,'  l<i  nettle  within  six 
months  tlio  .Manitol)a  sehoid  ditiiriilt.v,  wliicdi  ha<l  raclied  Canadian  jmlitics  lor  over 
six  yeivs,  was  iin.lon!iled!\  a  Htro;!;;  element  in  tiio  .situation,  8iu<e  it  was  lelt  that 
it  on  llie  one  hand  a  delinitel\  eoeicive  measure  could  mn  er  he  put  into  oj.er.iti vo 
etTeel  ill  Manitoba,  nor  tlie  (  :it!iolies,  on  t  la;  other  hand,  indiieed  Id  aeeept  the  Maui- 
toliu  imldie  sehoids  the  only  lio]>o  of  a  .settlement-  aceoplahli^  to  Ixdh  -iiles  lav  in 
Home  1  lop  isai  emanatinix  t'l'om  a  leader  who  ^voiild  he  at  once  a  iKJiieotTi  iDuist  hy 
jtidilieal  and  .i  Cuiholic  l>y  relij^jioiis  eonvietion. 

The  next  .<t;v^o  in  the  8ti  ii^';;ii)  i.s  therefore  the  eompromi-ie  at  oiiee  pat  forward  hy 
Mr.  Laiirier,  on  the  i)art  of  the  l>ouiinioii,  and  aiib^eiiiii  ntiy  aeeei)ted  liy  Mr  (ircii- 
way,  the  premier  of  MiUiitolja.  It  was  very  mncli  on  the  linoa  sng^e>ted  hy  S;r 
I)onald  Smith's  earlier  commis.sion.  hut  was  on  fin'  wliole  less  f.ivorulde  lo  tlio  Cath- 
olics. The  main  jioint.s  were  these  :  ( in  a  petition  siirneil  hy  the  parents  nr  i;n;ii(li.'ns 
of  IC  ehiidreu  attendin^r  a  .s(d.iool  in  a  rural  di.striet,  or  of  2.")  ehildren  in  a  town  or 
village,  any  eleriryman  or  anthori/ed  religioms  te.ieher  is  to  he  peiniilted  acce.s.s  to 
(lie  sehool  to  gi\e  r(die;i(Mi.s  instinelion  at  stated  times.  .\nrl  in  any  town  selioui 
■where  the  avera;.;e  attendance  of  l.'onian  Catholic  (diildron  in  10  i  r  upward  -:  in  i  'lal 
distritt.s  25  i>r  npward)  they  may  he  entitled  to  tlie  serviceH  of  one  ('ailn)lic  t  in  lor, 
■who  must,  however,  la^  tiilly  Dualilied  aeeordiiij^  to  proviiu  ial  oi-  natiiuial  school 
i-itand.ards.  In  disiiiets  wlnre  the  chiidreu  speak  French  wholly  they  are  to  ha\n  a 
tea(hei  speaking  lndh  French  and  I'^nglish,  so  that  the  toaidiing  nuiy  he  on  the  l>ilin- 
itjiial  system.  lint  ail  .-chords  are  to  l.e  national,  under  ]irovineia!  contnd,  and  snb- 
ji'ct  to  the  same  r(!,i>iilatious  an<l  iiis))eeti(Mis.  The  same  tPXt-hooKs  are  lo  he  used, 
and  all  teachers  must  he  jn-operly  ((nalitied  by  i>assing  the  provincial  e  i.iniinations 
antl  takiiie-  t)),.  presc  rihed  normal  aehool  co.irse. 

The  acttleinent  was  not  satisfactory  to  the  Catholic  authorities,  and 
the  Papal  intervention  wa.s  eveutually  son,i;h!.     The  encyclical  of  Ili.s 


184 


EDUCATION    KKI'ORT.    |K!t7-1t8. 


Holiness  wii.s  conciliati'iy  in  tone,  but  foiitlt'iiuifil  tlio  HfttltMiuMit  as 
nnHiitis(iit!t(»ry  trom  tiio  lioiiiaii  Oatliolic  sfainlpoinl. 

I'mrisiotis  of  ihr  Uiiv  of  JS'iti. — My  tin'  law  of  IS'iUtlic  ;j;ciUMal  ('.>iiln»I 
of  sclio<>|>  was  vestcil  in  a  (leparlinenf  of  cdncalion.  wliicii  is  to  consist, 
of  tlir  cMMiitivc  <!onncil,  or  a  coiiunithM'  tiiiMcol',  appinntcil  l»y  tlir  litMi- 
tenant  >;i'V<'i'noi'  in  conncil,  iuid  also  an  adv  i-^oiy  boanl  coinpoHed  of 
seven  nu'niltecs,  four  of  whom  are  to  l>ea]»point»'d  l>y  the  depailnu-nt  of 
edmation,  two  by  tin-  teadiers  of  the  provitnc,  and  one  by  tlie  univer 
Kity  lomu'il.  Amon^;  the  duties  of  the  ad\i^o^\  board  is  the  |M)\vfr  "to 
examine  and  anthoii/e  text  books  and  Ixtoiis  of  rt'lcn-inM'  tbi'  tlie  n->i'  of 
the  piijals  aiid  sciiixd  libraries;  to  determine  tin-  (|iuditicati(nis  of 
ttachers  and  inspeetins  for  hij^h  and  pnl>lii-  st-hools;  to  appoint  «'\am 
iners  for  tlie  pnrjtose  c  f  pit'i>arin;;  examination  papers:  to  prcxTibe 
the  Ibrm  of  religions  exercises  to  lie  nse<l  in  schools." 

The  law  provides  -'for  the  fornnition.  alteration,  and  union  of  sehool 
distriets  in  rural  mtini('i|>alities,  and  in  cities,  towns,  md  \iilaj;es;"  f«n- 
theeleetion  of  trustees  in  each  district;  for  the  niainteua  .<•('  and  control 
of  th«^  schools. 

All  i)iii)lic,  ,s('lu»i)ls  Hhiill  '.M'  iVi-t;  rtiliiiolti,  ami  i  very  piTsoij  in  iiiral  iiiiuiiii|i;>!it,io.s 
betwoon  tht-  aye  of.")  and  !•>  years,  juiil  in  (Mtics.  towns,  and  villagt;s  IjetwciMi  tlio  ayo 
ol'O  !Oid  10,  slinll  li:t\  (•  tlif  liiflit  to  iittiMid  houm-  si'liool. 

Si;c.  ().  K<'li>;inns  o\cr<'iM!.s  in  ]mt)lic  mcIiooIh  sliall  l)t' funduclod  a""cmdinj;  l,<t  tlii' 
ro^n'atiiiHs  (iT  thi' ad*  isury  Iniard.  I'hi'  time  l<ir  Harli  iclii^i'iiis  cxerristw  shall  l>o 
just  lict'iii'c  the  cUisiiij^  hi)nv  in  tin-  urt<rn<)i  n.  In  ca^f  llitj  parent  or  i;iiai'ilian  Dl'aii.y 
jinpll  niitil.t's  t.liK  toacliiT  that  liti  dot's  not  \^■i^h  Hindi  pii|)ii  to  ittciid  .•^iiidi  iHli.^iuiiH 
exeri'isew,  then  Hindi  i'iii»il  sliall  ln'  diMiiissod  lut'oif  Hindi  loliiijioii'*  (Aficisf'B  laUo 
place. 

Se<'.  7.  litdij^ioiis  (Avend^i-.^  shall  111' Inld  m  a  ]inl'li(' sclinul  I'liiii  clx  at  t  hf  ii|.ti('!i 
of  the  .school  tnisteo  lor  ttic  distri<t,  ajnl  upon  rccrivui);  writti'n  aiiihuiiiy  I'mni  tin', 
triistocH  It  Hhall  bo  the  iluty  of  the  tiNnhcr  to  hold  such  n'liuioii.s  i  v,iirri«<  s. 

SRC.  8.  TliB  piildii'  si'hools  shall  lie  ciitircly  nonsfctanan,  and  uo  religions  oNcr- 
cdses  shall  In'  .illowi'il  tlii'ifiii  .xct'id  as  ahiuc  inovidfd. 

The  schools  ate  to  be  sitpixiried  by  public  iiTant  and  district  assess- 
ments, but  schools — 

not  idinlnclt'd  .nrorilinu  t<>  all  the  provisions  of  this  or  iiny  ivid  in  fortji'  Cor  the 
tiling  Ixdnu',  or  rho  rc^nlntioiis  of  the  departiiiciit  of  I'din  atioii,  or  thi'  advisiiry 
board,  shall  not  he  deem,  it  a  i)iiblit  school  within  lln'  nu-aniiii;  of  the  laAV,  and  sluill 
not  piirticipati'  in  tbi'  lt'!;i.slative  f,'!!!!)!. 

TIIK    SYSTKAl    OF    KKITISH    <'()!, rMIUA. 

In  accordance  with  the  school  law  of  1S91.  liritish  Columbia  main- 
tains a  system  of  free  secular  schools  wliich  tire  under  the  charj^o  of  a 
•iuperintendent  a]>pointed  by  the  lieutenant  uovei nor  in  council.  The 
Buperintendent  is  assisted  by  the  council  of  piii)lic  instnntion.  The 
local  unit  of  school  administration  is  the  district.  School  trustees. 
elected  by  vote  of  persons  who  pay  a  property  tax.  a:e  empowered  to 
provide  sntliciont  accomino<lation  for  all  children  of  the  district  between 
t)  and   It)  years  of  a;.ie.  in(!liisive.     The  trustet  s  must  visit  the  schools 


EIU^CATION    IN    CANAI'A. 


IH'i 


and  t<»'('  tlijir  tlic.art'coiKliicicd  h,  acconlMiM-c  witli  tlic  n-^rnliitioiis  aiul 
report  aniiiially  t..  tli.- su|.oriiit.'ii(l<iit,  .ScIkm.I  att.'ii.laiM-*'  is  roiiipiil 
sory  ((.!•  ill  cliildiTi!  lu'fAVoeii  tlit'  a;,M's  of  ♦;  and  I;.'  yrars  fur  six  inonthH 
in  cacli  year.  iinl«'s.>*  rlu'y  aiv  nnd.-i  piivatr  iiistni.H,,i,.  IVarlici.s  must 
1)0  provid.-d  wiMi  a  (lovi-iiinu-iit  citilicatt',  of  which  then-  aiv  six- 
grades.  'I'll.'  lowest  is  valid  lor  one  year,  the  next  hi-her  for  two.  and 
80on  (<.  the  fitth;  this  and  the  sixth  i^v.uW  eertilieates  are  vali.l  f..r 
life  or  diiriii;^  frood  behavior. 

Oradnares  of  arts  oi'  reeo-;nized  l$ritiKli  or  Canadian  niiiversi..es  ;iie 
exempt  from  examinations  on  the  art  of  teaehin-,  srho,,]  diseiplinr  and 
inaiiaj;enient,  and  (he  school  law. 

The  strietly  nonseetarian  eharaeter  of  the  schools  is  imlicaled  by  the 
followiiif^  pr((\isioiKS  (»f  the  law: 

No  i.4i-i(.u8.i'.,((|  irtallovv...!  to  b,.  tail  Jill  I  :  th<-  Iah^Vh  \'riu>'v  ,u<y  \h-  us,;\  „t  tl... 
opvmufS,  a. 1.1  .^l.,HiMfr  ..r  tli.>  s,h...,lH.  .NO  .•lerjf.viiiiu,  i.  .•lioii.i,  ;is'mi|)>.|  int.i'.l.i,!,, 
iii>]M(ti)i ,  (ir  iiiii«ii'r. 

The  .schools  are  snj.portcd  entirely  l.y  ap])ropriatio!is  inuii  the  public 
treasnry, 

THE   NOKTIIWKST    TlOKIt ITi -KIKS. 

'Mie  repoit  of  the  .-iipei  iniendenr  of  education  in  ilie  northwest  ter- 
ritories of  Canada  ju'esents  an  interesting  view  of  the  elforts  fm  popu- 
lar enlighlenment  in  rlie  northern  part  of  ..nr  coiiiinent. 

The  territory  under  supervision  covers  an  area  of  .-(ii'.OOl)  s.|iuire miles, 
with  a  j)opiilation  in  IMM  of  (i(!,7lH>. 

While  the  people  are  chietly  of  I'.ritish  origin,  oilu-r  nationalities  are 
reiiresented  in  suilieient  numbers  to  incieasc  ihe  s(;li.>ol  diHicnlties. 
The  occupations  are  farming,  ranching.  lnnil»ering.  and  mining,  ami 
tlie  i)opulation  widely  scattered  as  a  conse»|nenee.  -Nevertheless  I  he 
report  gives  e\  ideme  >>i  advamed  ideas  with  reference  to  the  condi- 
ti(nis  for  efrectiv<'.  schools.  The  system  of  piililic  schools  is  under  tiio 
control  of  a  council  of  puldic  inslriiction,  comprising  four  members  of 
the  executive  <'omiiiittee  and  lour  appointed  members,  of  whom  two 
must  be  Protestants  and  two  IJoman  Catholics.  The  ai)pointed  imbi- 
bers iuive  no  vote,  rheir  duties  being  [uirely  advisory.  A  sc1,(m»1  dis- 
trict must  notexcecil  in  area  LT)  sipiare  miles,  and  must  contain  not  less 
than  four  resident  taxpayers  property  taxi  and  at  least  twelve  chil- 
dren of  school  age,  t'-ai'h  district  elects  school  trustees,  who  manage 
the  local  school  atfaii  s, 

I'rovision  is  made  for  separate  sdiooK  for  religious  minorities  (Prot- 
estant or  lloman  ('atholio,  the  rate|)ayers  establishing  these  separate 
schools  being  relieved  of  taxes  Ibr  the  public  schools.  The  decade 
l.S8(»  to  IISIK)  witnessed  a  reniarkai)le  growth  in  the  schools.  The  num- 
ber rose  from  70  to  3<J(;,  aii  im'rease  of  :',S]  per  cent,  and  the  enrollment 
from  JM:',  to  12,7«)(),  an  increase  of  400  ])er  cent. 

At  the  latter  date  l.'io  teaihers  were  employed.  IMlbrts  were  early 
made  to  secure  professional  training  Ibr  teachers,  and  by  a  regulation 


isr; 


KDrcvriON    KI'.l'oKT,   lN!t7-H)S. 


(latnl  April  1,  t>*!'!.  it  is  <I«  .larni  tliiit,  to  inukc  it  possible  for  rt'iiioto 
<lisiiicts  to  ixi'«'|)  'lu'ir  scliools  iijicii,  •' i»invi.sioii:il  (•('iti(i('at<'.s  arc  i■.^ll('(l 
to  ).<'isoiis  w  lin  i»rts«'iit  ><ii(  ii  fvidfiu'c  of  s  ■li(»lai>ilii|)  lliat  tlit'ic  is  i\ 
iciisoiiiihio  prolial)ility  of  tinir  bciiij;  iildi*  to  pass  tim  lu-xt  tt'acliers' 
i'\aiiiiiiatioii.''  1  lic^o  ct  rlilicutrs  arc  not  issued  till  tlic  tiusttM's  do- 
fliiic  Hint  they  liiivc  iulvMtiscd  for  u  qiialiru'd  teacher  iiid  liaveused 
all  rcasoiialilc  clloit  to  sectire  one,  but  without  mu ce.ss.  Tlieii,  upon 
th"  appliiatioii  of  the  tniHtci's  — noi  of  the  would  be  teacher — a  piovi- 
siotial  c.ertilicati'  is  issued,  v:iiid  for  iliat  scIkh)!  only,  and  tcriDinatiii^ 
at  tiie  opoiiini,'  of  tlu'  iii'xt  O.vniiiiiiiilioii  tor  Icaidiers. 

Schools  aie  niiiilitaiiicd  by  legislative  ;,qiuits  and  by  local  t;i\alion. 
J'"roiii  the  foriiier  source  was  deri\ed  in  IS'.Mi  the  sum  of  !!«lL;fl,'-'IS,  or  10 
jier  cent  of  the  total  exi»cudiliire,  if'27  l,'il>S. 

The  eleiiieiilaiy  course  of  study  includes  the  tlnee  U"s,  hisi<iry, 
<;eojiiapliy,  t;rainmar.  natnic  ^tudy.  and  ayriciiltnie.  '.reniperance  is  a 
ciiiiipiilsoiy  sulijcct  lor  ail  ^i!ule>. 

'riiei'c  are  no  se[)arate  secom'ary  scll(>ol^.  but  I  lie  ^,i\th,  scveiitii.  and 
ei>jlitii  standards,  the  eiirollineiif  for  which  in  is'.x;  was  IL.'!),  AW,  an<l  5, 
respectively,  iiie  termed  ••hi;jli  school  standards," and  have  an  entirely 
separate  i»ro;iraniiiie,  based  u|)on  the  mat  i  icnlatioii  «v\atniiiat ions  of  the 
universities  of  Toronto  atul  Manitoba, 

Preparation  for  tiie  '■acad<'inic  eertiticate"  for  teacln^.s  is  ;,Mveii  in 
thrse '•  iii^h  school  standards."'  The  (examination  I'ompiises  the  follow- 
in;;  snbjeets:  Spelliu.^  ami  wririn,;,  the  i;n;.;lisli  lan,i,Mia;;'e,  rhetoric  and 
coiniiosition,  poetical  literature,  history,  ,i;eo;,'raphv,  aiiilime:i<'.  alfifebra, 
jreometry.  trijiroimmetry,  t'liemistry,  botany,  ami  phy.-^ics. 

I'rcparation  for  tlie  first  aiul  second  class  professional  certilieates  is 
;iivi-ii  in  the  ncriual  school  at  l!e<.';ina  durin*;'  the  la.>t  foni  monlhsof 
every  year.  Hessioiis  for  tliirdclass  candidates  are  condncted  at  con- 
voniont  loi.'al  centers  by  tin  inspcntors  under  the  supervision  of  the 
suiiei'intembMit.  who  delivers  a  course  of  lectures  at  each,  Of  the  \M\ 
teachers  in  the  schools  0(i  {(V2  imii)  held  first,  das  certificates.  L'07 
('.IS  men)  secondclass.  and  l.')(>  S)l  men)  thiid  class. 

Amon^'  Hie  text  bool;s  recommended  for  the  iiorinal  <M>iU'.se  are  to  be 
tbnnd  White's  School  .Mainij^feinent,  (^nick's  l''.ducational  licforiiicrs, 
liosenlaan/.'s  IMiilosophy  of  I'-ducation,  De  (iarmo's  Ksseutials  of 
]\letliods. 

The  liiijher  vditcatiuiKil  ivHlilntiorn  of  Caiiniht — JS'D'i, 


Niiiiii- 


I'NlVF.ItsniU.S. 


tlou.    I    """"• 


Vitliio  (il 
)iii)1>itU 
iiwui'd. 


I'liivtMsity  (if  Kill;;'.-!'  iilU't'i  Wiiiil«(ii-,  Nnvii  Siotia  i  1789  .-fKV),  mw  Kfii),  (MiO 
riiivir..ijtv  of  Krw  lii'misv\  it  k.  Frcderii^tun,  .New  I 

Hiuiiiwiik ;  I8110  iiS.HU    

MCOill  I'liivi'isity.  Mcintrciil,  (^m-b«-c i  lSi;t  1    mo.  (KK)        l,!KiO,lK)0 

Diillicm.sio  (^ollc^e  ami  t'lih  ithiIv,  Malit'itx.  Nova  i 

Si'ot  itt ■ I  1821      


llicDin 


•1111.  000 
12,000 

u,\ooo 


Xiiiiilini 

ot'Mtil 

ilcillH 

(iiIh)  It). 


2« 


60 
1,250 

109 


(( ( liiviTiuiirnt  ixrai.t. 


F.nrCATION    IS'    CVNADA.  IH  { 

The  hiijhtr  tiluxti'tonitl  inBtitiitiont  of  Oi»((j<<rt~/\.'*,;_Cni.tiniii'il 


Niiiiic. 


IllllCMt 


ValiiH  "f 


'u::'"!  ^"-"   '"T7 


Ilir>i(li 


v\\\  i.imiTiit.i 


I'filM'ixitv  i)t'  riuiiiiio,  Tntonlii,  (Milar.i) ! 

rni\(i>ill,v  (if  Aiiiilid  (.'.(lli'gK,   NVuHvilli.,  Novh  | 

,  f<<"i'"    I    \XMi 

I  iilM  THifv  (pf  </(ic(>irN('(illru( ,  Kiii»:»»(iii,  Ontario.!     1M4I 
rilivcrHitynf  Bl»ll(>|"«  <'ull<'l.'»'   l.ililciwlllr,  *}\\^^. 

\wv. I 

Ijiiiviriity  iif  OlIiuMi  Otinv  »,  OutHiin.   .....,!!,' 

I'lilv  I  r»tii\  (if 'I'liiiitv  I  iiilcjj", 'I'linmlw  

Litvtt'  I  iiivorniu  ,  (^iiidni' 

I'niMc.iitN  ipC  .MiMnit  .Allmm  Cdllct,''-  Nfvv  Uniii'ii 

»  Ti  k ............. 

ITiiiM  rsiiy  III'  MunildUn,  \\  iniiiix-i.' '....'... 

Vii  till  ill  riilvcrnit.v,  'J  1)1  (into,  i»iit;iilo 

Vnivii^itv  111'  St.  'l-'r:iiii  IN   XnvliT  ('(>lli';j<'   Aliti 

KHuir^lH',  Nuvii  .Sciitin 

Ml  .\la.-,iir  I  uivrr.sit.v.  'ritniiitd,  Uutiirin 


HTi     ♦t,(i4'j,  iiiiii   M.-'"i, '"111      *•■.■.,  iHiii 


1(JT7 


HH7 


('OI.t.K.ilKH. 

St.  Alii  li.lrr»  t'l.llrirr'.    riifniilii.  Olitaiin Wfi 

Kiiiix  ('iil!i-t,'n,  'Ilium  I II.  I  III  In  nil ,     isn 

AuMimiiiiiipii  I  i.llii;i    Saiuhiiili,  diiiiiiiii ■     i.s.'i 

I'll"»l,\  IcllllM  (  ..|lin;r,   MiPIltllul,  (^llitlfl-       1H».7 

rii'Hli\  ti  riau '>i]'u«c,  \ViiiiFJi.('i».   Vl.mitdlia iBTo 

I'ri'»liyleriaii  (.'iillri,'!',  Ilahl.ix.  Nina  S>iilia | 

"W'i'k1i<viiii  (  iilli  X'l  •'^'""'ici'l   1H7;I 

Mt)tiioili>l  (  ivIliMj",   \Viiiiii)iri,',  M.iiiiliilia J«H8 

St.  ,lolin  «  (  '(illi';rr.  Whliiiin'i;.   .Miniitnlrl    . . . .' 

St.  Itnliirai  K  Cnlli't;!,  Wiiiiniii',',  MiHiiiolia I     IH'.'I) 

\Vi.ii.Utri<  1;  Ciillign,  \\iiiiiUiiii  K,  (Inlariii. |     IxCH 

AVyklllfi!  I'lillc:;!'.    I'liCKiitii.  I  liilariii t. . .    . . 

AHiiTl    Culli'Hi'.' I'.i'lli-v  illi'    UrUariii '      l(<57 

Haimliail  U  i'sli\viiii  ('iiH,^-|..  .■^laiiHtn.iil,  (,)iii'li«i..  .|     If'T'J 
St.  J'lilllrU   CnUfgO,  Jiil  llllKItu!,  tjucln,'.' ISriJ 

n.Asvii  .M    1  iii,r.|-i.i  -    7iKiiK1.1i 

Clilciiiitiii  i I  1(<7;| 

iliilntli; Iji^tl 

l.'AsHOiiiption I  18:1'^ 

I'l'  \  in '  1 85:1 

Nicoli't I  IXO;t 

Klcaiid  (ViiiiilreiiiU [  laiil 

)villlilllHl\i  j  j.i.'ii 

SIhtIiiooKc li<75 

Sto.  .\niii*  (KaiDniiriitikii) W>' 

St.  tlv  ariiitlii' I  |«|i! 

Si.  l.iiiiiiMil   (.laiiiiii'H  Cact'cr). '  1847 

illc) iM.-.;) 

l«4« 
IXL>7 


Sti.  Main- ilii  Miiiuiiiir  iKoiiv 
Str.  Marie  i  .Miintia-ali 

StO.  TlirfKMC    (  iBrillDIUll?)  . . . . 

Tlirei-  lUvers '     ;.^(i(l 

CullcKi'  of  .Miiiitii-aUi    i     1707 

Semi  nary  ul  i^'iielit'i  li 1     lijtci 


I 


1..\1>1H>     CiiLLtiiKs. 


llaniilt'iii.  Ontario. 
I.iiiiiluii  Oiilariii  .. 
MraiiltViMl.  Oiilariii. 


^ri>.-',.ynn  T.ailiHn'  t'olUnif 
lii'lliiiMli  I.adii^s'  l'iilli'}{i 
Jiraiil  I'oril  I.^nlifn'  (.'iilii'i;r 
Olitariii  l.ailii'S'  ( 'i)11i';;b.   V\  liiiUn.  Onia 

I'i'inill  (.Hilii'*'  ('(illcj;c,  Osliavui,  (liilaviii     

Alma  l.iilie.s' C'olU-ifi',  St    I'linhias,  imtario 

.\iniIl'tI,Tflt.\l.  COI.l.KCK.S    KTC. 

Oiitaiiii  .Agricultural  ('i)lli>iti>.  Ouclpli.  Ontario 

J'riivinrial   Srhoul  nl    A.t;ririiltiiri',   Tiurn,    Kovii 

Scotia ...    

Srhoiil  lit'  I'l'aitii-al  S.u'tu'i'.  ■ri'iiiiiio.  OiUario 

Si'liiiiil  111'  AgricMiililii-.  I,'.\.'<.''(iiii|itiiiii.  (^liitlicr    

titiiool  lit  Sto.  Anno  ile  la  I'oiatii'io,  (Jui'liec; 


1H80 
1H(19 
M74 
187 » 
1H7G 
ls^81 


1(»(),  (UtO 
|iHI.  outJ 

11:;,  ltl,-i 


too.  Olio 

ll.'.l,  UOM 

I'ji;,  Bou 


181.1 
1848 

IBr.3    I      7f.<l.()0(>  ' 

18.V.>        1   IKIO,  (Xiii 


:■->  <io<) 

4li,  UUd 

Ul.  lUO 
46.  OtKI 

at),  om) 


11 U,  00(1 


r.'iv  1111(1 
1.'.",  (1(1(1 
a;:."!,  (too       *so,  wjii 


i'4,  (KK) 


Nnmlier 

111    Kill 
lIllltH 

(ulHmt>. 


l,'J(ii> 

lliO 


4u:i 

.•t.v, 

'XV< 
:ijii 
rn 

VH 

111 


24(1.  (Mil) 

•iLTi.  OIK) 

Ifl,  (Mill 

120.  000 

50,  (ICO 


47ii.  W)ll 
lUVi'ljtJ 
I  HO.  OUO 
RO, (H)0 


1  *.  000  i 
1.'5,  INHI 

i.'iO,  00(1  : 

15,  ()(KI  I 


flfi,  lifKl 


0,  000 


IOC,  (100 

B:i,  200 

7.').  OMi 
15,000 


Oil,  oco 
.'lO,  oou 

2'I0,  (HH) 

O.'),  IK  10 

7'i.  00(1 

'JO.  (100 

■-'  900 


12,000 

i.'i,  (i(Mi 

10,  (JtXl 


10, 000 

.'I.  000 


sil.  Olio  ' 

17,000 

8a,  000  i 

;to,  000 

(!o,  1 100 

JO.  000 

VV<    (!l)() 

L'2  000 

fO,  0(M) 

1 1,  01  0 

911.000   i 

2"),  cdO 

l.-i"4       '       310,  itOO  .  (!l8,,M14 

im-i     ' !  cl,9fi7 

1877     I        fS.  800  I I 

I ' I  4,5(HI 

1859    \ 1 i  4.0110 


120 
tlU 
17.'. 

K| 

87 

;io 

71 


10.5 
120 
40 
2.-.0 
14!) 

i;o 


8.'.,  000 

;..  i;i5  1 

128 

':^.  404 

11.201  i 

;to:j 

»'l,  (IIKI    ' 

12.  iiliO  1 

;ti5 

1 7!),  817 

11,:!.1K 

3.11 

y.'.."!,  000 

10,724  ; 

207 

70.  oon 

l!">,  OnO  j 

27'* 

,VJ,  tioo 

.-.,  4:15 

128 

loo.  OlK) 

1,  287 

2M7 

17.'>,  000 

10,8^7 

228 

200, 000 

2'.,  .fiOO  1 

rt3.> 

12!1,000 

2t.  .SOO  ! 

4I)« 

ti.'.  (Kill    ; 

;,  7'.i  1 

190 

."lO'l.  (HKI   , 

3.-|.  000 

501 

i;io,  OCO  j 

fi.lKil   i 

2&7 

07.500 

10.  ;ioo  1 

2:15 

I4t 

100 

70   140 

ir,o 
i:i8 

170 


i;!,-; 


25 
71 
24 


«  Till-  I'la.ssiciil  cfilloircH  in  (JiuOipr  an- a  coniliiiMtioii  of  si  Imol  anil  colli'iro   atti'nii«*il  l)\  hntli  hovs 
ami  yiiiiiif.' mini.     Tliny  lontei  curtain  ili.;rri-s  anil  arc  iiinstly  nlliliatoil  Mitli  J.aiul  I'liiv  ."isiiy. 
h  Nil  rclm  lis.  ^ 

c  (iovi'riiiiiiMit.  rxiiruililiiri'. 


